Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Transfused Patients With Sickle Cell Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK;2. Medical Laboratory Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;3. Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;4. Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin, Amsterdam, Netherlands;1. Division of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY;2. Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD;1. Transfusion, Tissue, & Apheresis, Children''s Healthcare of Atlanta, Departments of Clinical Pathology & Pediatric Hematology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA;2. Department of Pediatrics, The Children''s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;1. Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China;2. Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China;3. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA |
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| Abstract: | Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common monogenic disorder in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Blood transfusion to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is vital in the management of many patients with SCD. However, red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization is a major challenge to transfusions in these patients. Commonly in SSA, pretransfusion tests only involve ABO D grouping and compatibility without RBC antibody testing. Data on the frequency of RBC alloimmunization in patients with SCD in SSA are limited. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on available data on alloimmunization in transfused patients with SCD to determine the published prevalence of RBC alloimmunization in SCD patients in SSA. Six databases were systematically searched to identify relevant studies, without year or language restrictions. In all, 249 articles were identified and 15 met our selection criteria. The overall proportion of alloimmunization was 7.4 (95% confidence interval: 5.1-10.0) per 100 transfused patients. Antibodies against E, D, C, and K antigens accounted for almost half of antibody specificities, and antibodies to low- and high-frequency antigens were also common and represented almost 30% (20% to low-frequency antigens and 9% to high-frequency antigens) of specificities. Heterogeneity between studies was moderate, and meta-analysis found region of Africa as the major contributor to the heterogeneity. We also observed inconsistencies across studies in reporting of factors that may influence alloimmunization. This review provides an overview of the extent of the alloimmunization problem in SSA and provides a baseline against which to compare the effect of any interventions to reduce the alloimmunization risk. |
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