2017年陕西省农村环境卫生监测结果分析

目的 调查陕西省农村环境卫生健康危害因素水平,为制订政策措施提供依据与支持。 方法 2017年采用分层随机抽样的方法抽取陕西省全部设区市(共10个)的30个县(区、市)中的600个行政村作为监测点,通过査阅资料、访谈、现场观察、实验室检测等方法获得农村基本情况、垃圾和污水处理、饮用水、户厕与粪便处理、病媒生物工作、环境卫生管理、土壤卫生等监测数据。采用Excel 2016进行数据分析。 结果 共调查600个监测点,3 000个监测户。集中式供水覆盖人口比例为77.87%,农户卫生厕所普及率为30.31%,粪便处理以直接施肥(26.98%)为主,13.17%的监测点生活垃圾随意堆放,垃圾处理以填埋为主,49.83%的监测点生活污水随意排放,“灭四害”工作全部未开展的监测点占比71.83%,87.70%的居民住宅周围有病媒生物滋生地,开展环境卫生管理工作的监测点占比较大,土壤样品镉超标率达25.17%。 结论 2017年陕西省农村生活垃圾和污水的处理率、处理厂的覆盖范围、卫生厕所的普及率、病媒生物控制工作、土壤重金属含量等还不能满足改善农村环境的需求,仍有很大的提升空间

Monitoring results of environmental sanitation in rural areas of Shaanxi province, 2017

Objective To investigate the level of environmental health risk factors in rural areas of Shaanxi province so as to provide evidence and supports for formulating policies and measures. Methods A cluster random sampling method was used to select 600 administrative villages from 30 counties (districts or cities) in all 10 cities with districts, Shaanxi province in 2017 to serve as the monitoring points. The data concerning general situation of rural areas, garbage and sewage treatment, drinking water, household toilets and feces treatment, biological vector control, environmental hygiene management and soil hygiene were obtained by searching materials, interviews, on-site observation and laboratory detection. Results A total of 600 monitoring points and 3,000 households were surveyed. The proportion of population covered by centralized water supply was 77.87%. The popularizing rate of sanitation toilets in the houses of the residents was 30.31%, and the main treatment of feces was direct fertilization (26.98%). Domestic wastes were optionally piled up in 13.17% of the monitoring points, and landfill disposal was the main method to treat the wastes. Sewage was randomly discharged in 49.83% of the monitoring points. 71.83% of the monitoring points did not carry out the work of eliminating the biological vectors, including fly, mosquito, rat and cockroach. Biological vector breeding sites were identified around ambient environment for 87.70% of the monitoring points. Monitoring sites carrying out environmental hygiene management work accounted for a large proportion. The over-standard ratio of cadmium in soil samples was 25.17%. Conclusions The treatment rates of rural domestic wastes and sewage, the coverage range of treatment plants, the popularization rate of sanitary toilets, the work of vectors controlling, and the content of heavy metals in soil in Shaanxi province in 2017 cannot meet the needs of improving rural environment, and there is still much room for improvement