Determining the effect of water temperature on the T1 and T2 relaxation times of the lung tissue at 9.4 T MRI: A drowning mouse model |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Forensic Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;2. Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;3. Department of Legal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan;4. RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan;5. Laboratory Animal Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;1. Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shanxi, 710072, China;3. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, Jiangsu, 223001, China;4. School of Electro-Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China;5. Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Corrosion and Protection for Aviation Material, Department 5, P.O. Box 81‐5, AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing, 100095, China;6. RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan;1. Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia;2. Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia;1. RIKEN Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program (iTHEMS), 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan;2. Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan;1. Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;2. Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honmachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan;3. Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;1. Bruker Japan K.K., 3-9, Moriya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 221-0022, Japan;2. Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unit of Catalysis and Chemistry of Solids, F-59000 Lille, France;3. Bruker Biospin, 34 rue de l''industrie, F-67166 Wissembourg, France;4. RIKEN RSC NMR Science and Development Division, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan;5. Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France;1. Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China;2. College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China;3. Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China;4. Multi-Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification; Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China;5. Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China |
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| Abstract: | Japanese individuals have a unique culture of soaking in a bathtub, and forensic pathologists have experienced fatal cases due to drowning. However, T1 and T2 relaxation times of a drowning lung are poorly documented.In the present study, we investigated the relationship between drowning water temperature and T1 and T2 relaxation times of drowning lung tissues at 9.4 T MRI (Bruker, BioSpec94/20USR). The mice used as animal drowning models were directly submerged in freshwater. Water temperature was set to 8 °C–10 °C (cold), 20 °C–22 °C (normal), 30 °C, and 45 °C. The regions of interest (ROIs) on the axial section of the third slice were set at the central and peripheral areas of each—the left and the right—lung. T1 relaxation times measured immediately after death differed by the presence or absence of soaking water, except in case of cold water temperature. In the drowning groups, T1 relaxation time showed a linear dependency on water temperature. By contrast, T2 relaxation time was almost constant regardless of the presence of drowning under the same temperature condition; when compared in the lung areas of the same individuals, the times were uniformly reduced in drowning models. To minimize the effects of hypostasis and decomposition, we performed measurements immediately after death and were able to determine the noticeable difference in drowning water temperature. These results may be useful for qualitative assessments of a drowning lung and may serve as a basis when imaging the human body during forensic autopsy cases. |
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| Keywords: | Lung tissue Pulmonary T1 relaxation time T2 relaxation time Postmortem MRI Drowning Forensic |
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