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The hypodopaminergic state ten years after: transcranial magnetic stimulation as a tool to test the dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction
Affiliation:1. Department of Medical Science and Public Health, Section of Neurology, University of Cagliari;2. CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042, CA, Italy;3. rTMS Italia, via Tonale 15, Cagliari, 09122, Italy;4. ’G.Minardi’ Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23v, 07100, Italy;1. CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council-Italy, Dept Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, Italy;2. ‘G. Minardi’ Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Dept. Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Italy;1. Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;2. Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;3. Department of Psychiatry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;4. Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium;1. Neuropsychiatry Department, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt;2. Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt;1. NESMOS (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, Sapienza University of Rome, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy;2. Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, P. Alberto Mileno Onlus Foundation, Vasto, Italy;3. ATID Ltd Advanced Technology Innovation Distribution, Rome, Italy;4. Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel;5. Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy;6. Asl Roma 2, Osservatorio sulle Dipendenze e sui Disturbi Psichici Sotto Soglia, Rome, Italy
Abstract:An altered dopamine transmission has been described for different types of addiction for a long time. Preclinical and clinical evidence support the hypodopaminergic hypothesis and underpin the need to increase dopamine transmission to obtain therapeutic benefit. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of prefrontal cortex shows efficacy in treating some forms of addiction. Recent imaging studies confirmed that the therapeutic effect of rTMS is correlated with an enhancement of dopamine transmission. Novel targets for rTMS are under evaluation to increase its effectiveness in treating addiction, and research is ongoing to find the optimal protocol to boost dopaminergic transmission in the addicted brain. TMS can thus be considered a useful tool to test the dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction and instrumental in the search for addiction therapeutics.
Keywords:Dopamine  Addiction  rTMS  Insula  Prefrontal cortex
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