Nanoparticles for generating antigen-specific T cells for immunotherapy |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;2. Translational Tissue Engineering Center, USA, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;3. Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;4. Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;5. Departments of Ophthalmology, Oncology, Neurosurgery, Materials Science & Engineering, and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and The Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;6. Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA |
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| Abstract: | T cell therapy shows promise as an immunotherapy in both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive applications. However, the forms of T cell-based therapy that are currently in the clinic, such as adoptive cell transfer and vaccines, are limited by cost, time-to-treatment, and patient variability. Nanoparticles offer a modular, universal platform to improve the efficacy of various T cell therapies as nanoparticle properties can be easily modified for enhanced cell targeting, organ targeting, and cell internalization. Nanoparticles can enhance or even replace endogenous cells during each step of generating an antigen-specific T cell response – from antigen presentation and T cell activation to T cell maintenance. In this review, we discuss the unique applications of nanoparticles for antigen-specific T cell therapy, focusing on nanoparticles as vaccines (to activate endogenous antigen presenting cells (APCs)), as artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (aAPCs, to directly activate T cells), and as drug delivery vehicles (to support activated T cells). |
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| Keywords: | Immunoengineering Immunotherapy Nanoparticle T cell Bioengineering Cell therapy |
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