Effects of the antimalarial lumefantrine on Lemna minor,Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;2. Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;3. Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;4. Department of Biology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;5. Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;1. Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy;2. Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA;3. Department of Informatics, Postdoctoral Institute for Computational Studies, Enfield, NH, USA;4. The Ronin Institute of Independent Scholarship, Montclair, NJ, USA;1. Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;2. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;3. Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico;1. Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;3. Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;1. The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China;2. National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Oceanic Administration, People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100194, China |
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| Abstract: | Lumefantrine is used to treat uncomplicated malaria caused by pure or mixed Plasmodium falciparum infections and as a prophylactic against recrudescence following artemether therapy. However, the pharmaceutical is released into the aquatic environment from industrial effluents, hospital discharges, and human excretion. This study assessed the effects of lumefantrine on the growth and physiological responses of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Raphidocelis subcapitata (formerly known as Selenastrum capricornutum and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and the aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor. The microalgae and macrophyte were exposed to 200−10000 μg l−1 and 16−10000 μg l−1 lumefantrine, respectively. Lumefantrine had a variable effect on the growth of the aquatic plants investigated. There was a decline in the growth of R. subcapitata and L. minor post-exposure to the drug. Contrarily, there was stimulation in the growth of Chlorella vulgaris. All experimental plants had a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, which was accompanied by an increase in malondialdehyde content. Peroxidase activity of L. minor increased only at low lumefantrine concentrations, while the opposite occurred at higher levels of the drug. Incubation in lumefantrine contaminated medium significantly up-regulated the activity of R. subcapitata cultures. Glutathione S-transferase of L. minor exposed to lumefantrine treatments had substantially higher activities than the controls. Our findings suggest lumefantrine could have adverse but variable effects on the growth and physiology of the studied aquatic plants. |
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| Keywords: | Lumefantrine Antioxidant enzyme activities Oxidative stress Aquatic plants Aquatic toxicity |
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