Acute toxicity of textile dye Methylene blue on growth and metabolism of selected freshwater microalgae |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;2. School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;3. Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;1. Chemical Engineering Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1686, 30.535-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;2. Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil;1. Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Roraima Avenue, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil;2. Department of Environmental Processes Laboratory, Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Avenue, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil;3. Department of Supply Engineering: Environmental Engineering, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Salzdahlumer Str. 46/48, 38302, Wolfenbüttel, Germany;4. Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Engenheiro Luis Englert Str, 90040–040, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;1. Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhwa, Taiwan;2. General Education Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan;3. Green Energy and Biotechonology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan;4. Master Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan;5. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;6. Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;7. School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;8. Department of Landscape Architecture, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhwa, Taiwan;9. School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China;10. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Centre of Advanced Study, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;2. Government Emerson College affiliated with Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;3. Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;1. National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;4. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, China;5. Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, China |
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| Abstract: | Microalgae are ecologically important species in aquatic ecosystems due to their role as primary producers. The inhibition of growth of microalgae due to dye pollution results in an upheaval in the trophic transfer of nutrients and energy in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, this investigation aimed to evaluate the toxicity of a textile dye Methylene blue (MB) on two microalgae viz. Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis. An exposure of the unialgal populations of both the microalgae towards graded concentrations of the dye showed a concentration-dependent decrease in specific growth rate, pigment and protein content. In the toxicity study of 24 –96-h, following the OECD guidelines 201, the EC50 values of C. vulgaris and S. platensis ranged from 61.81 to 5.43 mg/L and 5.83 to 1.08 mg/L respectively revealing that S. platensis exhibited a higher level of susceptibility towards the dye as compared to C. vulgaris and the latter is more tolerant to the dye toxicity even at higher concentrations. The findings indicate that the response to dye is a species-specific phenomenon. Given the differences in the cell structure and enzymatic pathways in Spirulina platensis (a prokaryote) and Chlorella vulgaris (an eukaryote), the tolerance levels can differ. After 96-h exposure of C. vulgaris to MB (100 mg/L), the chlorophyll-a, b and carotenoid content were reduced 2.5, 5.96 and 3.57 times in comparison to control whereas in S. platensis exposure to MB (10 mg/L), the chlorophyll-a and carotenoid content were reduced 3.59 and 5.08 times in comparison to control. After 96-h exposure of C. vulgaris and S. platensis to the dye (20 mg/L), the protein content was found to be 4.34 and 2.75 times lower than the control. The protein content has decreased in accordance with the increase in dye concentration. |
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| Keywords: | Methylene blue Microalgae Toxicity |
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