Sports career-related concussion and mental health symptoms in former elite athletes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand;2. Department of Paramedicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand;3. School of Sport Health and Applied Science, St. Mary''s University, Twickenham, Middlesex, United Kingdom;4. Australian College of Physical Education, Faculty of Human Performance, Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales, Australia;1. Department of Family Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;2. Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;3. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;4. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;5. Critical Care and Neurotrauma Recovery Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;6. Department of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;7. Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;8. VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundIn elite sports, concussion is common and recurrent, especially in high-speed contact or collision sports such as american and australian football, ice hockey and rugby. Mental health symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance) are often reported by former elite athletes, with prevalence ranging from 16% for distress to 26% for anxiety/depression. This article focuses on the potential relationship between sports career-related concussion and mental health symptoms in former elite athletes.MethodA narrative mini-review was based on the scientific literature.ResultsSome literature based on cross-sectional data suggests that sports career-related concussion might lead in the long term to mental health symptoms in former elite athletes. Retired professional American football players reporting three or more previous concussions were found to be three times more likely to be diagnosed with depression than those with no history of concussion. Former professional athletes from football, ice hockey and rugby who reported a history of six or more concussions were approximately up to five times more likely to report mental health symptoms.ConclusionsWhile longitudinal evidence about any causal relationship is lacking, the suggested relationship between sports career-related concussion and mental health symptoms in former elite athletes warrants the development of support measures for elite athletes transitioning out of sport, especially for those with a history of concussion. |
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| Keywords: | Concussion Sports Mental disorders Epidemiology Athletes |
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