Depression and Cognitive Dysfunction in Older U.S. Military Veterans: Moderating Effects of BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism and Physical Exercise |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychological Sciences (BLP), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS;2. Department of Psychiatry (VW, BMF, SMS, IE, RHP), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;3. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Pacific Islands Healthcare System (JMW), Honolulu, HI;4. University of Hawaii School of Medicine (JMW), Manoa, HI;5. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Clinical Neurosciences Division (BMF, SMS, RHP), National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT;1. Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City UT;2. Therapeutic Games and Apps Lab, Department of Entertainment Arts and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT;3. Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, White Plains, Salt Lake City, UT;4. Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China;1. Department of Psychology (SCAK), Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany;2. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience (SCAK), Duke University, Durham, NC;3. Enlightened Myanmar Research Foundation (KMW), Yangon, Myanmar;1. Northwest Clinical Research Center (SS, SM, AM, AK), Bellevue WA;2. Department of Clinical Medicine (SS, AK), Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine, Yakima, WA;3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AK), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC;4. Department of Psychiatry Brown University Providence (WAB), RI;1. Alzheimer''s Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;2. Geriatric Psychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA;3. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;4. Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital Adult Psychiatry Residency Program, Boston, MA;5. Department of Neuropsychology, McLean Hospital, MA |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveDepression is associated with increased risk for cognitive dysfunction, yet little is known about genetic and behavioral factors that may moderate this association. Using data from a nationally representative sample of older U.S. military veterans, we examined the direct and interactive effects of depression, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) Val66Met genotype, and physical exercise on cognitive functioning.MethodsOne thousand three hundred eighty-six older European-American U.S. military veterans (mean age = 63) completed a web-based survey and cognitive assessment. Analyses of covariance were conducted to evaluate the effects of depression, BDNF Met allele carrier status, and physical exercise on these measures.ResultsDepressed veterans scored worse than nondepressed veterans on subjective measures of cognitive functioning (Cohen d's = 0.34–0.57) and objective measures of visual learning (d = 0.39) and working memory (d = 0.28). Among depressed veterans, those who were Met allele carriers scored worse than Val/Val homozygotes on subjective cognitive measures (d's = 0.52–0.97) and an objective measure of visual learning (d = 0.36). Engagement in physical exercise moderated the association between depression and cognitive function, with depressed exercisers scoring better than depressed nonexercisers on a subjective measure of reasoning, and objective measures of processing speed, attention, and visual learning (d = 0.58–0.99): further, in depressed Met allele carriers, exercisers scored better than nonexercisers on subjective cognitive (d's = 0.80–1.92), and objective measures of visual learning (d = 0.8–1.31) and working memory (d = 0.67).ConclusionDepression is associated with moderate decrements in cognitive functioning in older U.S. military veterans, and this association is moderated by BDNF Val66Met genotype and physical exercise. Prevention and treatment efforts designed to promote physical exercise may help preserve cognitive functioning in at-risk veterans. |
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