Sex-specific association of resting heart rate with type 2 diabetes mellitus |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Univeristy of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045;2. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045;3. VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO 80220;1. Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark;2. Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark;3. Department of Cardiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark;4. Department of Medicine, Holbaek Hospital, Denmark;5. Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark;1. Medical Care (physical examination) Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China;2. Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China;3. Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, China;4. Diabetes Center, Department of Endocrinology, The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China;5. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;6. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People''s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China |
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| Abstract: | AimThis study aimed to explore the association of resting heart rate (RHR) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by sex, and whether the association was mediated by insulin resistance (IR).MethodsThis cross-sectional study enrolled 12,508 participants (median age 57 years), with information collection through questionnaire interview, anthropometric and laboratory measurements. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between RHR and T2DM by sex, and restricted cubic splines were used to describe the dose–response association. Mediation analysis was used to explore the contribution of IR, measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, to RHR-related T2DM.ResultsAmong 12,508 participants, 1413 participants (11.30%) had T2DM. RHR was positively associated with T2DM (per 10-bpm increase in RHR, OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.34–1.64 for men and OR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.32–1.52 for women). As compared with RHR = 75 bpm, with increasing RHR, the adjusted probability of T2DM was significantly increased for both men and women. HOMA-IR partially mediated the association (indirect effect: OR = 1.17, 95% CI:1.13–1.22; direct effect: OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.11–1.39 in men and indirect effect: OR = 1.16, 95% CI:1.13–1.20; direct effect: OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.15–1.35 in women).ConclusionRHR was significantly associated with T2DM, which suggests that RHR may be a non-invasive clinical marker of early intervention to prevent T2DM, and IR may partially mediated RHR-related T2DM. |
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