| Affiliation: | 1.Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,Ghent University,Ghent,Belgium;2.Faculty of Health Sciences, GENUD: “Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group”, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón),Universidad de Zaragoza,Saragossa,Spain;3.Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn),Madrid,Spain;4.Department of Metabolism and Nutrition,Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition,Madrid,Spain;5.Department of Nutrition and Metabolism at the University of Vienna,Vienna,Austria;6.Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty,University of Pécs,Pécs,Hungary;7.Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,Harokopio University,Athens,Greece;8.Faculty of Medicine,University Lille,Lille,France;9.Faculty of Medicine,University of Crete,Crete,Greece;10.Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, Pediatric University Clinic,Ruhr-University Bochum,Bochum,Germany;11.Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences,Karolinska Institutet,Huddinge,Sweden;12.Department of Physiology, School of Medicine,University of Granada,Granada,Spain;13.Council for Agricultural Research and Economics,Research Center for Food and Nutrition,Rome,Italy;14.International Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon,France;15.Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF,Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,Madrid,Spain |
| Abstract: | AimTo test whether the Mediterranean diet score and each food-subgroup is associated with inflammatory biomarkers in European adolescents.MethodsIn 464 adolescents (13–17 years) of the European HELENA study, data were available on body composition, inflammation markers, and food intake determined by two computerized 24-h recalls. The Mediterranean diet score and its food-subgroups (Vegetables, Fruits and Nuts, Pulses, Cereal and Roots, Monounsaturated/Saturated fat ratio, Dairy, Fish, Meat and Alcohol) were evaluated. A set of inflammation-related biomarkers was measured: IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TGFβ-1, TNF-α, sVCAM-1, sICAM1, sE-selectin, white blood cells, lymphocytes, CD3, CRP, GGT, ALT, and homocysteine. Multivariate and multiple linear regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, country, socioeconomic status, paternal and maternal education, adiposity, and smoking habits.ResultsThe Mediterranean diet score was positively associated with CRP, and negatively with sVCAM-1. The subgroups showed the following positive/negative associations: Vegetables with IL-10(+), CRP(+), CD3(+), ALT(+), lymphocytes(+), sE-selectin(?); Fruits and Nuts with IL-4(?), TNF-alpha; Pulses with IL-5(+), IL-6(+), IL-2(?); Cereals and Roots with IL-6(?), IL-10(?); Monounsaturated/Saturated-fat ratio with IL-6(+), TGFβ-1(+), sVCAM-1(+boys, ?girls), homocysteine(?); Dairy with IL-1(+), IL-5(+), IL-6(+), IL-10(+), TGFβ-1(+), homocysteine(?); Fish with homocysteine(?); Meat with IL-2(+), IL-10(+); Alcohol with CRP(+), lymphocytes(?). Sex differences were found.ConclusionSome specific food–inflammation associations were found, suggesting that diet is to a certain extent already related to inflammation in adolescents and can be used in disease prevention. Also some counterintuitive results were found, which might be due to grouping very different foods into a single group, besides considering that the human body may respond differently depending on the interaction between diet, lifestyle, genetics, biochemical individuality, age and sex. |
