伴呼吸衰竭脊柱侧凸的围手术期处理及治疗策略

目的 探讨伴有呼吸衰竭的脊柱侧凸的术前肺功能评估及相应的临床治疗策略.方法 2000年9月至2008年6月,收治16例脊柱侧凸患者接受系统完整的术前呼吸功能训练并成功接受后路矫形内固定手术,动脉血气分析达到呼吸衰竭的诊断标准,肺活量(vital capacity,VC)为预计值的25%～34%.5例为特发性脊柱侧凸,男2例,女3例;年龄10～16岁,平均13.5岁.11例为先天性脊柱侧凸,男5例,女6例;年龄10～14岁,平均12.4岁;椎体形成不良2例,分节不良4例,混合型5例;其中8例存在并肋畸形,7例合并肋骨缺失.按照累及部位划分,胸段脊柱侧凸10例,胸腰段脊柱侧凸1例;胸腰双主弯3例,三弯2例.16例患者术前Cobb角平均126.6°±15.5°;身高120～160 cm,平均137.6cm;体重18～40 kg,平均32.5 kg.根据术前肺功能状况和畸形严重程度决定手术方法.术前呼吸功能治疗包括:清醒状态下无创呼吸机辅助呼吸,Halo牵引,呼吸训练.结果 16例患者经过规范的呼吸训练和呼吸机及牵引治疗后,呼吸状况均有明显改善,可以耐受脊柱侧凸矫形手术.10例患者术后1 h顺利拔除气管插管,能够自主呼吸;另6例患者术后须转ICU,呼吸机辅助呼吸,24 h内恢复自主呼吸而拔管.术后2例患者发生肺水肿(其中1例合并肺部感染),未出现肺不张及重要脏器功能衰竭等严重并发症.术后Cobb角72.0°±13.2°,平均矫正率43%,外观改善明显.结论 通过完备的术前肺功能评估和围手术期准备,伴有呼吸功能衰竭的脊柱侧凸患者可以接受脊柱矫形手术并获得良好的治疗效果.

Perioperative evaluation and treatment strategy for severe scoliosis with respiratory failure

Objective To investigate the preoperative evaluation of pulmonary function and protocol for scoliotic patients with respiratory failure. Methods From September 2000 to June 2008, sixteen patients suffered from respiratory failure were recruited into this study. There were two males and three females who were diagnosed as idiopathic scoliosis with a mean age of 13.5 years (range, 10-16 years). The other eleven patients were diagnosed as congenital scoliosis, including five males and six females with a mean age of 12.4 years (range, 10-14 years). The mean preoperative Cobb angle was 126.6°±15.5° with a mean height of 137.6 cm (range, 120-160 cm) and a mean weight of 32.5 kg (range, 18-40 kg). Decision was made depending on the severity of pulmonary impairment and spinal deformity. Preoperative treatment included respiratory training, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation therapy and halo-gravity traction. Results All patients received corrective surgery; ten patients were extubated tracheal tubes successfully 1 hour after surgery and six patients had to stay in intensive care unit (ICU) for 24 hours. Pulmonaryedema occurred in two cases and pneumonia in one case. The Cobb angle had improved to 72.0°±13.2° after surgery with a correction rate of 43%. All patients recovered well after surgery with no major cardiac or pulmonary complications.Conclusion Patients with preexisting respiratory failure can tolerate deformity correction operation with few complications after receiving a set of preoperative respiratory training modalities.