Tests for Candidate-Gene Association Using Case-Parents Design

In the case‐parents design for testing candidate‐gene association, the conditional likelihood method based on genotype relative risks has been developed recently. A specific relation of the genotype relative risks is referred to as a genetic model. The efficient score tests have been used when the genetic model is correctly specified under the alternative hypothesis. In practice, however, it is usually not able to specify the genetic model correctly. In the latter situation, tests such as the likelihood ratio test (LRT) and the MAX3 (the maximum of the three score statistics for dominant, additive, and recessive models) have been used. In this paper, we consider the restricted likelihood ratio test (RLRT). For a specific genetic model, simulation results demonstrate that RLRT is asymptotically equivalent to the score test, and both are more powerful than the LRT. When the genetic model cannot be correctly specified, the simulation results show that RLRT is most robust and powerful in the situations we studied. MAX3 is the next most robust and powerful test. The TDT is the easiest statistic to compute, compared to MAX3 and RLRT. When the recessive model can be eliminated, it is also as robust and powerful as RLRT for other genetic models.