Hemodynamic Comparison by Doppler Echocardiography of Valves in the Aortic Position

In 281 patients, we used Doppler echocardiography to compare the hemodynamic performance of different aortic prosthetic valves at three postoperative stages and investigated the value of the continuity equation in diagnosing aortic prosthetic obstruction. A baseline study was performed in 163 patients, a 5 ± 2-month follow-up study was performed in 103 patients, and a 15 ± 5-month follow-up study was performed in 65 patients. From baseline to the second study, left ventricular diastolic diameter, heart rate, and maximum (MG) and mean Doppler-derived gradient (MeG) decreased significantly, and left ventricular shortening fraction, systolic blood pressure, stroke volume, and prosthetic valvular area (PVA) increased significantly. No changes were found between the second and third studies. Thus, noninvasive hemodynamic values at the time of follow-up are reported in 171 patients: 86 with Björk-Shiley Monostrut, 27 with Carbomedics, 11 with Medtronic-Hall, 18 with Hancock modified, and 29 with Toronto valve bioprosthesis. Patients implanted with the Toronto had a larger prosthetic size (Monostrut 23 ± 2 mm, Carbomedics 23 ± 3 mm, Medtronic-Hall 23 ± 2 mm, Hancock 23 ± 2 mm, Toronto 25 ± 2 mm, P < 0.01) despite a similar body surface area. MeG and MG were lower (MeG in mmHg] Monostrut 12 ± 5, Carbomedics 14 ± 6, Medtronic-Hall 19 ± 6, Hancock 11 ± 4, Toronto 7 ± 5; P < 0.01 between Toronto and all others), and PVA was greater (Monostrut 2.0 ± 0.7 cm², Carbomedics 1.8 ± 0.8 cm², Medtronic-Hall 1.6 ± 0.7 cm², Hancock 1.7 ± 0.5 cm², Toronto 2.2 ± 0.9 cm²; P < 0.01 between Toronto and Carbomedics, Medtronic-Hall, and Hancock), even compared with the same sizes in the other valves. A PVA of 0.9 cm² or less and MeG of 28 mmHg or more identified prosthetic obstruction with 100% sensitivity and 99% specificity. Hemodynamics change significantly from the early to the late postoperative state. The Toronto valve stentless porcine bioprostheses performs hemodynamically better than other valves. PVA measurement using the continuity equation may accurately identify prosthetic obstruction.