Spatial orienting of attention: a study of reaction time during pointing movement]

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate how advance information both explicit and implicit provided prior to movement may affect the spatial orientation and the internal attention control processes in normal adult subjects. The originality of this work compared to the test of Posner, lies essentially in the methodology used to study the attentional systems. The use of three procedures of reaction time (RT) allowed us to study the setting concerned of the specific and non-specific components of the attention in the motor preparation. By associating of these three procedures of RT, we have evaluated the effects of the explicit and implicit components of advance information on motor preparation. The use of advance information to the movement requires the implication of the attentional systems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experiments were carried out using a simple reaction time (RT) procedure involving the use of an orientation cue and two choice reaction time situations: one with a neutral preparatory cue and one with a priming cue giving the likelihood of the preparatory stimulus (S1) being compatible with the imperative stimulus (S2). The mechanisms underlying the subjects' vigilance and the orientation of their attention were studied by assessing the effects on their reaction times of the preparatory signal and those of the cue giving the likelihood of S1 and S2 being compatible. The preparatory signal was designed to explicitly attract the subjects' attention towards the position of the forthcoming pointing target, whereas the cue giving the compatibility between S1 and S2 was intended to mobilize the subject's attention more implicitly. Prior to performing the pointing movement towards a visual target, the subjects' attention was therefore mobilized by the advance information containing two components: the explicit information about the position of S1 and the implicit information about the probability of S1 and S2 being compatible. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results obtained here on 17 normal adult subjects show that the subjects significantly improved their RTs by using the explicit component of the information provided. The implicit information available was also used in the choice reaction situations: a priming effect was found to occur, which resulted in the shortening of the primed "compatible cue" reaction times in comparison with the "neutral cue" reaction times, and in the correlation which was found to exist between the reaction time performances and the degree of compatibility between the preparatory signal and the imperative signal. These results suggest that various components of the attentional system may participate in processing the advance information provided prior to the movement in reaction time tasks of the kind used here. The explicit information provided prior to the movement may mobilize the subject's vigilance and spatially orients his attention; whereas the implicit information available may rather subserve the internal control of the subject's attention.