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Prenatal exposure to lead in relation to risk of preterm low birth weight: A matched case–control study in China
Affiliation:1. Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People''s Republic of China;2. Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, People''s Republic of China;3. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA;4. Macheng Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Macheng, Hubei, People''s Republic of China;5. Ezhou Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Ezhou, Hubei, People''s Republic of China;1. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada;2. Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada;3. Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada;4. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada;5. Department of Nuclear Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada;6. Division of Geriatrics, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada;7. Osteoporosis Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada;1. Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Children’s HealthCare, Shanghai 200092, China;2. The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China;1. Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland;2. Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;3. PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Council Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland;4. Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland;5. Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland;6. Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom;1. School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China;2. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China;1. Maternal, Fetal, and Newborn Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Keshavarz Bul., Tehran, 1419733141, Iran;2. Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;3. Occupational Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 204-0024, Japan;4. Department of Maternal Nursing, Division of Nursing, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8543, Japan;5. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
Abstract:We investigated the association between prenatal exposure to lead (Pb) and the risk of preterm low birth weight (PLBW). Pb concentrations in maternal urine collected at birth from 408 subjects (102 cases and 306 matched controls) were analyzed and adjusted by creatinine. The median Pb concentration in the PLBW cases (10.60 μg Pb/g creatinine) was higher than that of the controls (7.28 μg Pb/g creatinine). An adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.96 (95% CI = 1.49–5.87) for PLBW was observed when the highest tertile was compared to the lowest tertile of Pb levels. The association was more pronounced among female infants (adjusted OR = 3.67 for the highest tertile; 95% CI = 1.35–9.93) than male infants (adjusted OR = 1.91 for the highest tertile; 95% CI = 0.74–4.95). Our study suggests that prenatal exposure to levels of Pb encountered today in China is associated with an elevated risk of PLBW.
Keywords:Lead  Preterm birth  Prenatal exposure  Maternal urine
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