Coupling online control and inhibitory systems in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Goal-directed reaching |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia;2. Curtin University, Perth, Australia;3. University of Leeds, United Kingdom;4. Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia;1. INSERM, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA/SAC/DSV/DRM/NeuroSpin, Bât 145, Point Courrier 156, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France;2. CEA, DSV/I2BM, NeuroSpin Center, Bât 145, Point Courrier 156, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France;3. Univ Paris-Sud, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Bât 300, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France;1. Occupational Therapy Program, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA;2. Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;3. Department of Kinesiology and Neurosciences and Cognitive Science Program, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA;4. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Hampshire, UK;1. Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada;2. Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Niagara Regional Campus, McMaster University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada;3. Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada;4. Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada;1. Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia;2. College of Sport and Exercise Science & Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia;1. Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK;2. Psychological Medicine Unit, Chelsea and Westminister Hospital, UK;1. Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, United States;2. Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, United States;3. Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, United States |
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| Abstract: | For children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), the real-time coupling between frontal executive function and online motor control has not been explored despite reported deficits in each domain. The aim of the present study was to investigate how children with DCD enlist online control under task constraints that compel the need for inhibitory control. A total of 129 school children were sampled from mainstream primary schools. Forty-two children who met research criteria for DCD were compared with 87 typically developing controls on a modified double-jump reaching task. Children within each skill group were divided into three age bands: younger (6–7 years), mid-aged (8–9), and older (10–12). Online control was compared between groups as a function of trial type (non-jump, jump, anti-jump). Overall, results showed that while movement times were similar between skill groups under simple task constraints (non-jump), on perturbation (or jump) trials the DCD group were significantly slower than controls and corrected trajectories later. Critically, the DCD group was further disadvantaged by anti-jump trials where inhibitory control was required; however, this effect reduced with age. While coupling online control and executive systems is not well developed in younger and mid-aged children, there is evidence of age-appropriate coupling in older children. Longitudinal data are needed to clarify this intriguing finding. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) Motor control Motor learning Predictive modelling Inhibitory control Executive function Motor development |
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