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Preliminary Evidence of a Missing Self Bias in Face Perception for Individuals with Dissociative Identity Disorder
Authors:Lauren A M Lebois  Jonathan D Wolff  Sarah B Hill  Cara E Bigony  Sherry Winternitz  Kerry J Ressler
Institution:1. Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA;2. Division of Women's Mental Health, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA;3. Graduate School of Education, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
Abstract:Failing to recognize one’s mirror image can signal an abnormality in one’s sense of self. In dissociative identity disorder (DID), individuals often report that their mirror image can feel unfamiliar or distorted. They also experience some of their own thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations as if they are nonautobiographical and sometimes as if instead, they belong to someone else. To assess these experiences, we designed a novel backwards masking paradigm in which participants were covertly shown their own face, masked by a stranger’s face. Participants rated feelings of familiarity associated with the strangers’ faces. 21 control participants without trauma-generated dissociation rated masks, which were covertly preceded by their own face, as more familiar compared to masks preceded by a stranger’s face. In contrast, across two samples, 28 individuals with DID and similar clinical presentations (DSM-IV Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified type 1) did not show increased familiarity ratings to their own masked face. However, their familiarity ratings interacted with self-reported identity state integration. Individuals with higher levels of identity state integration had response patterns similar to control participants. These data provide empirical evidence of aberrant self-referential processing in DID/DDNOS and suggest this is restored with identity state integration.
Keywords:Dissociative identity disorder  cognitive processes  complex PTSD  dissociative disorders  perception  posttraumatic stress disorder
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