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Autism symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a familial trait which correlates with conduct, oppositional defiant, language and motor disorders |
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| Authors: | Mulligan Aisling Anney Richard J L O'Regan Myra Chen Wai Butler Louise Fitzgerald Michael Buitelaar Jan Steinhausen Hans-Christoph Rothenberger Aribert Minderaa Ruud Nijmeijer Judith Hoekstra Pieter J Oades Robert D Roeyers Herbert Buschgens Cathelijne Christiansen Hanna Franke Barbara Gabriels Isabel Hartman Catharina Kuntsi Jonna Marco Rafaela Meidad Sheera Mueller Ueli Psychogiou Lamprini Rommelse Nanda Thompson Margaret Uebel Henrik Banaschewski Tobias Ebstein Richard Eisenberg Jacques Manor Iris Miranda Ana Mulas Fernando Sergeant Joseph Sonuga-Barke Edmund Asherson Phil |
| Affiliation: | Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. mulliga@tcd.ie |
| Abstract: | It is hypothesised that autism symptoms are present in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), are familial and index subtypes of ADHD. Autism symptoms were compared in 821 ADHD probands, 1050 siblings and 149 controls. Shared familiality of autism symptoms and ADHD was calculated using DeFries-Fulker analysis. Autism symptoms were higher in probands than siblings or controls, and higher in male siblings than male controls. Autism symptoms were familial, partly shared with familiality of ADHD in males. Latent class analysis using SCQ-score yielded five classes; Class 1(31%) had few autism symptoms and low comorbidity; Classes 2–4 were intermediate; Class 5(7%) had high autism symptoms and comorbidity. Thus autism symptoms in ADHD represent a familial trait associated with increased neurodevelopmental and oppositional/conduct disorders. An erratum to this article can be found at |
| Keywords: | ADHD Autism Familiality Oppositional disorders Motor disorder Language disorder |
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