| Abstract: | Objective Since fibroblasts in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) express the serine proteases fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP‐4)/CD26, we undertook the current study to determine the functional role of both enzymes in the invasion of RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) into articular cartilage. Methods Expression of FAP and DPP‐4/CD26 by RASFs was analyzed using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and immunocytochemistry. Serine protease activity was measured by cleavage of fluorogenic substrates and inhibited upon treatment with L‐glutamyl L‐boroproline. The induction and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in RASFs were detected using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Densitometric measurements of MMPs using immunoblotting confirmed our findings on the messenger RNA level. Stromal cell–derived factor 1 (SDF‐1 CXCL12]), MMP‐1, and MMP‐3 protein levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The impact of FAP and DPP‐4/CD26 inhibition on the invasiveness of RASFs was analyzed in the SCID mouse coimplantation model of RA using immunohistochemistry. Results Inhibition of serine protease activity of FAP and DPP‐4/CD26 in vitro led to increased levels of SDF‐1 in concert with MMP‐1 and MMP‐3, which are downstream effectors of SDF‐1 signaling. Using the SCID mouse coimplantation model, inhibition of enzymatic activity in vivo significantly promoted invasion of xenotransplanted RASFs into cotransplanted human cartilage. Zones of cartilage resorption were infiltrated by FAP‐expressing RASFs and marked by a significantly higher accumulation of MMP‐1 and MMP‐3, when compared with controls. Conclusion Our results indicate a central role for the serine protease activity of FAP and DPP‐4/CD26 in protecting articular cartilage against invasion by synovial fibroblasts in RA. |
