Renal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) are one of the most commonly used medications worldwide to inhibiting COX activity for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Their nephrotoxicity has been well documented. With the development and clinical implementation of new COX-2 inhibitors, the safety, including the effects on renal function and blood pressure, is attracting increasing attention. In the kidney, COX-2 is constitutively expressed and is highly regulated in response to alterations in intravascular volume. COX-2 metabolites have been implicated in mediation of renin release, regulation of sodium excretion and maintenance of renal blood flow. Similar to conventional NSAIDs, inhibition of COX-2 may cause edema and modest elevations in blood pressure in a minority of subjects. COX-2 inhibitors may also exacerbate preexisting hypertension or interfere with other antihypertensive drugs. Occasional acute renal failure has also been reported. Caution should be taken when COX-2 inhibitors are prescribed, especially in high-risk patients (including elderly and patients with volume depletion). Recently, agents with combined lipooxygenase/COX inhibition and agents that combine NSAIDs with a nitric oxide (NO) donor have been reported to reduce adverse renal effects.