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The effect of occasional smoking on smoking-related cancers |
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| Authors: | Bine Kjøller Bjerregaard Ole Raaschou-Nielsen Mette Sørensen Kirsten Frederiksen Anne Tjønneland Sabine Rohrmann Jakob Linseisen Manuela M. Bergman Heiner Boeing Sabina Sieri Domenico Palli Rosario Tumino Carlotta Sacerdote H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita Frederike L. Büchner Inger Torhild Gram Tonje Braaten Eiliv Lund Göran Hallmans Åsa Ågren Elio Riboli |
| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen ?, Denmark 2. Division of Clinical Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany 3. Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany 4. Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy 5. Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, CSPO-Scientific Institute of Tuscany, Florence, Italy 6. Cancer Registry, Azienda Ospedaliera “Civile M.P. Arezzo”, Ragusa, Italy 7. Servizio di Epidemiologia dei Tumori, Universitá di Torino, Torino, Italy 8. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Nutrition and Health, Bilthoven, Netherlands 9. University of Troms?, Troms?, Norway 10. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional research, Ume? University, Ume?, Sweden 11. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France |
| Abstract: | ObjectiveMost studies on tobacco smoking have focused on daily-smokers. Occasional smokers, who have never smoked daily, have often been included in the reference group of never-smokers. We have investigated the association between occasional smoking and cancer of the bladder, kidney, pancreas, upper aero-digestive tract and lung.MethodsThe study population consisted of 158,488 persons, who provided information on occasional smoking, within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), 780 of whom developed a smoking-related cancer. We used Cox proportional hazard model, stratified by gender and country to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for smoking-related cancers.ResultsThe results suggest that occasional smokers have a higher risk of bladder cancer (IRR: 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93–3.98) and of the major smoking-related cancers combined (IRR: 1.24, 95% CI 0.80–1.94) than true never-smokers. Including occasional smokers in the reference group resulted in a lower risk estimate for former and current smokers.ConclusionsOccasional smoking should be discouraged. |
| Keywords: | Cancer Cohort Study Epidemiology Tobacco smoke |
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