Impact of sunlight on the age of onset of bipolar disorder |
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| Authors: | Bauer Michael Glenn Tasha Alda Martin Andreassen Ole A Ardau Raffaella Bellivier Frank Berk Michael Bjella Thomas D Bossini Letizia Del Zompo Maria Dodd Seetal Fagiolini Andrea Frye Mark A Gonzalez-Pinto Ana Henry Chantal Kapczinski Flávio Kliwicki Sebastian König Barbara Kunz Mauricio Lafer Beny Lopez-Jaramillo Carlos Manchia Mirko Marsh Wendy Martinez-Cengotitabengoa Mónica Melle Ingrid Morken Gunnar Munoz Rodrigo Nery Fabiano G O'Donovan Claire Pfennig Andrea Quiroz Danilo Rasgon Natalie Reif Andreas Rybakowski Janusz Sagduyu Kemal Simhandl Christian Torrent Carla Vieta Eduard Zetin Mark |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit?t Dresden, Germany;2. ChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA, USA;3. Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada;4. Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway;5. Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University‐Hospital of Cagliari, Italy;6. P?le de Psychiatrie, H?pital H. Mondor, APHP, INSERM U955, Faculté de Médecine and FondaMental Fondation, Créteil, France;7. Deakin University, Geelong, Australia;8. Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy;9. Department of Neurosciences ‘B.B. Brodie’, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy;10. Department of Psychiatry, & Psychology, Integrated Mood Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA;11. Department of Psychiatry, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country. CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain;12. Université Paris‐Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR‐S 955,?Créteil, F‐94010, France;13. Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil;14. Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland;15. BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria;16. Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of S?o Paulo Medical School, S?o Paulo, Brazil;17. Mood Disorders Program, Fundacion San Vicente de Paul, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia;18. Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA;19. Department of Neuroscience, NTNU, and St Olavs’ University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway;20. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA;21. Mood Disorder Clinic EFESO, Santiago, Chile;22. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA;23. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;24. Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA;25. Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;26. Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA;27. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Bauer M, Glenn T, Alda M, Andreassen OA, Ardau R, Bellivier F, Berk M, Bjella TD, Bossini L, Del Zompo M, Dodd S, Fagiolini A, Frye MA, Gonzalez‐Pinto A, Henry C, Kapczinski F, Kliwicki S, König B, Kunz M, Lafer B, Lopez‐Jaramillo C, Manchia M, Marsh W, Martinez‐Cengotitabengoa M, Melle I, Morken G, Munoz R, Nery FG, O’Donovan C, Pfennig A, Quiroz D, Rasgon N, Reif A, Rybakowski J, Sagduyu K, Simhandl C, Torrent C, Vieta E, Zetin M, Whybrow PC. Impact of sunlight on the age of onset of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 654–663. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective: Although bipolar disorder has high heritability, the onset occurs during several decades of life, suggesting that social and environmental factors may have considerable influence on disease onset. This study examined the association between the age of onset and sunlight at the location of onset. Method: Data were obtained from 2414 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, according to DSM‐IV criteria. Data were collected at 24 sites in 13 countries spanning latitudes 6.3 to 63.4 degrees from the equator, including data from both hemispheres. The age of onset and location of onset were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interviews. Solar insolation data, or the amount of electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, were obtained from the NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) database for each location of onset. Results: The larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the location of onset, the younger the age of onset (coefficient= ?4.724, 95% CI: ?8.124 to ?1.323, p = 0.006), controlling for each country’s median age. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. No relationships were found between the age of onset and latitude, yearly total solar insolation, and the maximum monthly decrease in solar insolation. The largest maximum monthly increases in solar insolation occurred in diverse environments, including Norway, arid areas in California, and Chile. Conclusion: The large maximum monthly increase in sunlight in springtime may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder. |
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| Keywords: | age of onset bipolar disorder solar insolation sunlight |
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