1982年与2012年中国6~17岁学龄儿童膳食维生素A的摄入比较

  目的  了解中国6~17岁学龄儿童(以下简称学龄儿童)膳食维生素A、视黄醇和胡萝卜素摄入水平，为促进儿童营养改善和健康成长提供基础数据。  方法  通过分析1982年全国营养调查和2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测中的膳食调查数据，计算学龄儿童每人每天各种食物及调味品摄入量。根据1982年与2012年的食物成分表，分别计算动物性食物来源的视黄醇和植物性食物来源的胡萝卜素摄入量，并将二者折合计算维生素A总量，与维生素A的推荐摄入量(recommended nutrient intake, RNI)进行比较。  结果  中国学龄儿童膳食维生素A摄入总量(μg RAE)从1982年的(333.3±15.9)μg RAE下降到2012年的(215.3±9.5)μg RAE(F=61.95, P < 0.001)；其中，视黄醇摄入量从(28.4 ±2.0)μg增加到(107.6±4.8) μg(F=225.36, P < 0.001)，胡萝卜素摄入量从(3 673.9±217.3)μg下降到(1 297.4±82.0)μg(F=214.98, P < 0.001)。1982年儿童膳食维生素A摄入总量为农村高于城市(F=5.28, P=0.022)，2012年则为城市高于农村(F=14.85, P < 0.001)。2012年仅有四分之一的儿童膳食维生素A摄入量达到80%RNI以上。  结论  1982—2012年中国学龄儿童膳食维生素A摄入水平整体有所下降，动物性食物贡献率有所增加，植物性食物贡献率大幅度降低。建议加强膳食指导，丰富农村儿童食物供应的种类，改善儿童的维生素A营养状况。

Comparison of dietary intake of vitamin A among Chinese children aged 6 to 17 years between 1982 and 2012

  Objective  Understanding dietary intake of vitamin A, retinol and carotenes among Chinese children aged 6-17 years (Hereinafter referred to as school-age children), providing basic data to promote their health condition.  Methods  This study analyzed data retrieved from China Nutrition Survey in 1982 and Chinese Residents' Nutrition and Health Survey in 2012. Food intakes per person per day were calculated, then the intake of retinol, carotenes and total vitamin A in school-aged children were obtained and compared to recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of vitamin A.  Results  From 1982 to 2012, total dietary vitamin A intake in children dropped from (333.3±15.9) μg RAE to (215.3±9.5) μg RAE (F=61.95, P < 0.001), and retinol intake increased from (28.4 ±2.0) μg to (107.6±4.8) μg (F=225.36, P < 0.001), and carotenes intake decreased from (3 673.9±217.3) μg to (1 297.4±82.0) μg (F=214.98, P < 0.001). In 1982, children from rural areas had higher total vitamin A intake than children from urban areas (F=5.28, P=0.022). While total vitamin A intake in children from urban areas became higher than children from rural areas in 2012 (F=14.85, P < 0.001). Only one quarter of the children's dietary vitamin A intake reached 80% RNI in 2012.  Conclusions  The total dietary intake of vitamin A declined from 1982 to 2012. The proportion of plant-based foods contributing to total vitamin A dropped, while the proportion of animal foods contributing to total vitamin A grew up from 1982 to 2012. Next actions should be adopted to enhance nutrition and health education, increase the variety of food supply in rural areas.