伴脊柱畸形上尿路结石的经皮肾镜取石术

目的 探讨应用超声定位经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗伴脊柱畸形上尿路结石的可行性及安全性.方法 伴脊柱畸形的上尿路结石患者35例.男19例,女16例.平均年龄32(22～64)岁.患者均经B超、KUB、CT检查确诊.左侧21例、右侧12例、双侧2例,共37侧.鹿角状结石7侧,多发结石21侧,单发结石9侧.结石长径平均26(12～45)mm.伴发脊柱畸形单纯侧凸3例,侧凸合并前、后凸32例.凸向患肾20侧,凸向健肾17侧.脊柱弯曲角度Cobb角>45°16例,<45°19例.脊柱畸形引发患肾形态改变13侧(35.1%),位置明显移位26侧(70.3%).引发胸廓畸形31例(88.6%).肺功能检查13例,通气和贮备功能下降11例.35例患者37侧肾脏手术,2例双侧结石间隔1周分2次完成手术.全身麻醉,手术取俯卧位9侧,侧卧位14侧,其他非常规体位14侧.应用实时彩色多普勒超声定位,一期成功建立24 F标准皮肾通道并应用气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统去除结石. 结果 一期单通道手术34侧(91.9%),一期双通道手术3侧(8.1%).通道建立时间(8.55±1.7)min,平均结石处理时间(39.3±14.6)min.一期结石清除32侧(86.5%),多期结石清除2侧,总净石率91.9%(34/37).3例有残石患者保守观察.输血2例.未发生脏器损伤和尿源性败血症. 结论 脊柱畸形可导致泌尿系统及胸廓的解剖异常,常规体位及定位穿刺与通道建立困难.设计合理的手术体位,彩色多普勒超声定位,伴脊柱畸形的上尿路结石PCNL治疗安全、有效.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for upper urinary tract calculi in patients with deformity of spine

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of standard percutaneous nephrolithot-omy (PCNL) for patients with deformity of spine. Methods Between Aug 2003 and May 2009, 35 patients of upper urinary tract calculi with scoliosis and kyphosis had undergone PCNL accessed by two steps dilation to 24F tract with ultrasound guidance. Clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. Results The pereutaneous renal access was successfully established in 35 patients under ultrasound guidance and immediate lithotripsy was performed. Prone position 9 units,lateral position 14 units,and other unconventional position 14 units. 34 (91.9 %) units were operated by single access and 3 (8.1%) by double in one session. The mean first accessing time was (8. 5±1.7)min, and stone management time was (39.3±14.6)min. The stone-free rate after the first operation was 86.5%, 2 kidneys ac-cepted another PCNL to remove the residual calculi, and the last stone-free rate was 91.9%. 2 cases needed transfusion. No injury of adjacent organs or urosepsis occurred. No severe complications oc-curred. Conclusions Standard PCNL for calculi in patients with deformity of spine accessed by two steps dilation to 24 F tract with ultrasound-guided puncture could be effective and safe. Special indi-vidual operative position and experienced clinical technique are needed.