马鞍山市2010—2011年食品化学性污染物及有害因素监测分析

目的了解马鞍山市售食品中化学性污染物的污染状况，为逐步建立食品化学性污染监测和预警系统，制定监管和控制措施提供科学依据。方法按国家《化学性污染物及有害因素监测工作手册》要求进行分层抽样，抽取13类食品，1078份样品。对食品添加剂、重金属、农药残留、乳制品中黄曲霉素M1等项目，共2304个指标进行检测并根据数据类型进行χ^2或秩和检验比较数据之间的差异，P〈0．05为差异有统计学意义。结果2010年重金属超标率从高到低分别为：油炸类食品（42．86％）、肉类（26．67％）、食用菌（20．00％）、蔬菜（13．3％）和水产品（6．67％），2011年重金属超标率从高到低分别为：蔬菜（26．67％）、食用菌（10．00％）、肉类（6．67）和粮食（1．86），超标的重金属主要是铅、镉、汞、铝；2010年检测的蜜饯类、炒货类、酒类和腌菜类食品添加剂超标率分别为20．00％、10．00％、6．67％、6．25％，超标添加剂种类为亚硝酸盐、二氧化硫、糖精钠和甜蜜素，2011年未检测到食品添加剂超标情况；2011年农药残留检出率和超标率（2．22％、0．00％）均较2010年（7．69％、1．29％）有下降趋势，但差异无统计学意义，检出的农药均为拟除虫菊酯类；乳制品中黄曲霉素M1含量符合国家标准，但2010年较2011年含量（0．046ng／g，0．131ng／g）差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；溴酸钾，瘦肉精，苏丹红等非法添加物在两年抽查中均未检出。结论食品生产经营过程中的化学污染物及有害因素超标仍是马鞍山市食品安全的主要问题之一，其中黄曲霉素M1和非法添加状况显示较好；食品添加剂超标和农药残留有下降趋势，应保持对其监测；食品中重金属残留超标需高度重视，并采取综合性防控措施。

Contamination of food by chemical and other hazards in Maanshan city in 2010-2011

Objective To understand the contamination status of marketed food by chemical and other hazards in Maanshan city, and to provide a scientific evidence for establishing an efficient monitoring system in order to maintain the safety of food. Methods A stratified sampling method was used to collect food samples in market according to the national＂ Handbook for monitoring chemical contaminants and other hazards＂ . A total of 2 034 contaminants including food additives, heavy metals, pesticide residues and aflatoxin M1 were detected and data were analyzed using Chi-square and t tests. Results In 2010, the content of heavy medal in almost half of fried food samples （42.86%） tested exceeded the limit level, followed by meat （26. 67%）, mushrooms （20.00%）, vegetables （13.3%） and sea foods （6.67%）. However, in 2011, vegetable samples （26.67%） came to the top in heavy medal level followed by mushrooms （10.00%）, meat （6. 67%） and grains （1. 86%）. Lead, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum, were the major heavy medals found in food. Food additives such as nitrite, sulfur dioxide, sodium saccharin and cyclamate also exceeded the limit level in candied fruit （20%）, roasted seeds and nuts （10. 00%）, wine （6. 67%） and pickled foods （6.25%） only in 2010. Although pesticide residue detection rate and exceeding limit rate in 2011 decreased compared to that in 2010 （2.22% vs 7.69%, 0 vs 1.29%）, no significant differences were found. Pyrethroids was the on ly pesticide detected. Even though aflatoxin M1 content in dairy products did not exceed the limit level, there was a big difference between 2010 and 2011 （0. 046 μg/kg vs 0. 131 μg/kg） （P〈0. 001）. None of the illegal additives as potassium bromate, clenbuterol, Sudan were detected. Conclusions Contamination of food by chemical and other hazards is still one of the major food safety issues in Maanshan, especially heavy medal contaminants. Except for the satisfactory founding about aflatoxin M1 and illegal additives as well as the downward trend of pesticide residue in foods surveyed in the study, excessive heavy metal residues in food need to draw higher attention and comprehensive preventive measures should also be adopted.