Exposure levels,determinants and IgE mediated sensitization to bovine allergens among Danish farmers and non-farmers |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;2. Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark;3. Institute of Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany;4. Institute for Risk Assessment Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;5. Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;1. Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;2. Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain;3. CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain;4. Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain;5. Department of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;1. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway;2. Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway;3. National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH) , Oslo, Norway;4. Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway;5. Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;1. Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;2. Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University, Soroka University Medical Center, Be’er Sheva, Israel;3. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel;4. National Laboratory Service for Interstitial Lung Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel;5. Occupational Medicine Department, Clalit Health Services, Negev District, Israel;6. Occupational Medicine Clinic, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqua, Israel;1. Free University of Brussels (VUB), Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry (ANCH), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;2. Ghent University, Department of Public Health, UZ-2 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;3. Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Health and Risk, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium;4. Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;5. Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;6. School of Public Health, Occupational & Environmental Medicine, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 (O&N 706), 3000 Leuven, Belgium;7. Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium;1. Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany;2. Berufsgenossenschaft Energie Textil Elektro Medienerzeugnisse (BG ETEM), Präventionsabteilung, Köln, Germany;1. Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland;2. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women''s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;3. Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;4. Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Calif;5. California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, Richmond, Calif;6. Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Mass;7. Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland;8. Dr. von Hauner Children''s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany;9. Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany;10. Institute for Asthma and Allergy Prevention (IAP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany;11. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundBovine allergens can induce allergic airway diseases. High levels of allergens in dust from stables and homes of dairy farmers have been reported, but sparse knowledge about determinants for bovine allergen levels and associations between exposure level and sensitization is available.ObjectiveTo investigate levels and determinants of bovine allergen exposure among dairy, pig and mink farmers (bedroom and stable), and among former and never farmers (bedroom), and to assess the prevalence of bovine allergen sensitization in these groups.MethodsIn 2007–2008, 410 settled dust samples were collected in stables and in bedrooms using an electrostatic dust-fall collector over a 14 day period among 54 pig farmers, 27 dairy farmers, 3 mink farmers as well as 71 former and 48 never farmers in Denmark. For farmers sampling was carried out both during summer and winter. Bovine allergen levels (μg/m2) were measured using a sandwich ELISA. Determinants for bovine allergen exposure in stables and bedrooms were explored with mixed effect regression analyses. Skin prick test with bovine allergen was performed on 48 pig farmers, 20 dairy farmers, 54 former and 31 never farmers.ResultsBovine allergen levels varied by five orders of magnitude, as expected with substantially higher levels in stables than bedrooms, especially for dairy farmers. Bovine allergen levels in bedrooms were more than one order of magnitude higher for dairy farmers compared to pig farmers. Former and never farmers had low levels of bovine allergens in their bedroom. Bovine allergen levels during summer appeared to be somewhat higher than during winter.Increased bovine allergen levels in the bedroom were associated with being a farmer or living on a farm. Mechanical ventilation in the bedroom decreased bovine allergen level, significant for dairy farmers β = −1.4, p < 0.04. No other significant effects of either sampling or residence characteristics were seen. Allergen levels in dairy stables were associated to type of dairy stable, but not to other stable or sampling characteristics. Sensitization to bovine allergens was only found in one pig farmer.ConclusionThis study confirms high bovine allergen levels in dairy farms, but also suggests sensitization to bovine allergens among Danish farmers to be uncommon. Furthermore the importance of a carrier home effect on allergen load is emphasized. Whether the risk for bovine sensitization is related to the allergen level in the stable or the dwelling remains to be determined. |
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| Keywords: | Exposure assessment Bovine allergens Bovine sensitization Exposure determinants Cow stables Farming |
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