Levels and sources of volatile organic compounds including carbonyls in indoor air of homes of Puertollano,the most industrialized city in central Iberian Peninsula. Estimation of health risk |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Research Institute for Combustion and Atmospheric Pollution, University of Castilla La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;2. Castilla La Mancha Science and Technology Park, Paseo de la Innovación 1, 02006 Albacete, Spain;3. Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;4. Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;1. Laboratorio de Contaminación Atmosférica, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;2. Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Albacete, Paseo de la Innovación 1, 02006 Albacete, Spain;3. Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;1. Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;2. Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;1. Henan Electric Power Survey and Design Institute, No. 212, Zhongyuan Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, PR China;2. Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400045, Chongqing, PR China;3. Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region''s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400045, PR China;4. Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments, Ministry of Education, PR China;1. IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB, P.O. Box 53021, SE-40014 Göteborg, Sweden;2. University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Observatoire de la Qualité de l’Air Intérieur, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, F-77477 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France;1. Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz–Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;2. Department Metabolomics, Helmholtz–Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;3. Department Monitoring & Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz–Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;4. Department Core Facility Studies, Helmholtz–Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;5. Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 5, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | Twenty nine organic air pollutants including carbonyl compounds, alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and terpenes were measured in the indoor environment of different houses together with the corresponding outdoor measurements in Puertollano, the most industrialized city in central Iberian Peninsula. VOCs were sampled during 8 weeks using Radiello® passive samplers, and a questionnaire on potential VOCs sources was filled out by the occupants. The results show that formaldehyde and hexanal was the most abundant VOCs measured in indoor air, with a median concentration of 55.5 and 46.4 μg m−3, respectively followed by butanal (29.1 μg m−3), acetone (28.4 μg m−3) and acetaldehyde (21.4 μg m−3). After carbonyls, n-dodecane (13.1 μg m−3) and terpenes (α-pinene, 13.4 μg m−3 and limonene, 13.4 μg m−3) were the compounds with higher median concentrations. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios demonstrated that sources in the indoor environment are prevailing for most of the investigated VOCs especially for limonene, α-pinene, hexanal, formaldehyde, pentanal, acetaldehyde, o-xylene, n-dodecane and acetone with I/O ratio >6. Multiple linear regressions were applied to investigate the indoor VOC determinants and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to establish common sources between VOCs. Finally, the lifetime cancer risk associated to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzene exposure was estimated and they varied from 7.8 × 10−5 to 4.1 × 10−4 for formaldehyde, from 8.6 × 10−6 to 3.5 × 10−5 for acetaldehyde and from 2.0 × 10−6 to 1.5 × 10−5 for benzene. For formaldehyde, the attributed risk in most sampled homes was two orders of magnitude higher than the one (10−6) proposed as acceptable by risk management bodies. |
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| Keywords: | Indoor air Aldehydes VOCs Passive samplers Industrial area Puertollano Health risk |
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