Urinary concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Israeli adults: Demographic and life-style predictors |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland;2. Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, 4 Lurup Str., D-22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany;3. Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland;4. Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway;1. Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;2. Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;3. Department of Science and Engineering, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Pendleton, OR 97801, USA;4. School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;2. College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;3. The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China;4. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China;5. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, China;1. Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India;2. Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India;3. Environmental Microbiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India;4. Environmental Monitoring Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India;5. Dept. of Community Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Near Canal, Safedabad, Barabanki Road, Lucknow, India;6. Dept. of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, India;1. Clinical Research Unit, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;2. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;3. Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Legon, Ghana;4. Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany;5. GIZ — Regional Coordination Unit for HIV & TB (GiZ-ReCHT), 32 Cantonment Crescent, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana;6. Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;7. Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstr. 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants associated with adverse health outcomes, including cancer, asthma, and reduced fertility. Because data on exposure to these contaminants in Israel and the Middle East are very limited this study was conducted to measure urinary levels of PAHs in the general adult population in Israel and to identify demographic and life-style predictors of exposure.We measured concentrations of five PAH metabolites: 1-hydroxypyrene (1OH_pyrene) and four different hydroxyphenanthrenes (1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene), as well as cotinine in urine samples collected from 243 Israeli adults from the general population. We interviewed participants using structured questionnaires to collect detailed demographic, smoking and dietary data. For over 99% of the study participants, urinary concentration of at least one of the PAHs was above both the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ). All PAHs were significantly correlated (rho = 0.67–0.92). Urinary concentration of hydroxyphenanthrenes, but not 1OH_pyrene, was significantly higher among Arabs and Druze study participants (N = 56) compared to Jewish participants (N = 183). For 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, concentration in Arabs and Druze was 1.95 (95% CI 1.50–2.52) that of Jews, after controlling for creatinine, age and cotinine levels. Urinary concentrations of all PAHs were significantly higher among current smokers or participants with higher cotinine levels and increased significantly with smoking frequency. While PAHs concentrations were not associated with cotinine concentrations in nonsmokers in the overall study population, PAHs concentration was significantly higher among nonsmoking Jews with cotinine ≥LOQ (1 μg/L), which represents exposure to environmental tobacco smoking, compared to nonsmoking Jews with cotinine concentrations Ratio = 2.38, 95% CI 1.47–3.85). Among nonsmoking Arabs and Druze, higher hydroxyphenanthrenes concentrations were found for those consuming grilled food once a month or more. For 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, concentration in those consuming grilled food once a month or more was 2.72 (95% CI 1.01–4.98) times that of those consuming grilled food less than once a month or not at all, after controlling for creatinine, age and cotinine levels.In conclusion, we found that the general adult population in Israel is widely exposed to PAHs. Exposure differed by ethnic sub-groups both in magnitude and sources of exposure. The finding of higher exposure among Arabs and Druze highlights disparities in environmental exposures across subpopulations and suggests that further research and preventive measure are warranted to reduce PAHs exposure and associated health outcomes, especially in the Arab population in the Middle East. |
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| Keywords: | Biomonitoring Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Smoking Ethnicity Urinary metabolites Diet |
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