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Comparisons of urinary phthalate metabolites and daily phthalate intakes among Japanese families |
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| Institution: | 1. Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan;2. Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;3. Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan;4. Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Division of Environment Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan;5. Asahikawa Medical University for Department of Health Science, E2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan;1. Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Box 951569, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA;3. Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea;1. Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan;2. Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 21 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan;3. Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Division of Environment Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan;4. Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;5. Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan;6. Fukushima Medical University, 80-6 Yagita-Shinnmei, Fukushima-City, 960-8164, Japan;7. Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;8. Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu 818-0135, Japan;9. Asahikawa Medical University, 1-1-1 Midorigaoka Higashi 2 jo, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan;1. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland;2. Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland;1. Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany;2. REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;3. Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (CINTESIS), Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal |
| Abstract: | We measured urinary phthalate metabolites, including di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-isobutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from 178 school-aged children and their 284 family members using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and we calculated daily phthalate intakes. The highest median levels of phthalate metabolites were for mono-isobutyl phthalate in all participants except schoolchildren, where the highest levels were for mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP). Comparing the schoolchildren with their parents, the schoolchildren had significantly higher urinary metabolites for MEOHP, mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, and ΣDEHP. Regarding daily intakes, the schoolchildren had significantly higher daily intakes of DnBP, BBzP, and ΣDEHP. All phthalate metabolite and sums of metabolite levels in the schoolchildren were positively correlated with their mothers’ levels, except for MEHP, whereas fathers were less correlated with their children. The DEHP intake in this study was higher than that of most other studies. Moreover, 10% of the children and 3% of the adults exceeded the Reference Dose (RfD) value (20 μg/kg/day) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which indicates that it is important to focus on children's DEHP exposure because the children exceeded the RfD more than adults among the same families who shared similar exposure sources. Our results will contribute to considerations of the regulations for some phthalates and the actual phthalate exposure levels in the Japanese population. |
| Keywords: | Children Phthalate metabolites Mother–child pairs Father–child pairs Phthalate exposure BBzP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0035"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"benzyl butyl phthalate BSTFA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0045"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "$$":[{"#name":"italic" "_":"N"} {"#name":"__text__" "_":" "} {"#name":"italic" "_":"O"} {"#name":"__text__" "_":"-bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoro acetamide BW"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0055"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"body weight CE"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0065"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"creatinine clearance rate DBP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0075"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"dibutyl phthalate DEHP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0085"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DiBP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0095"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"di-iso-butyl phthalate DiNP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0105"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"di-iso-nonyl phthalate DMP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0115"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"dimethyl phthalate DnBP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0125"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "$$":[{"#name":"__text__" "_":"di-"} {"#name":"italic" "_":"n"} {"#name":"__text__" "_":"-butyl phthalate DI"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0135"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"daily intake EPA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0145"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Environmental Protection Agency GC/MS"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0155"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ISAAC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0165"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"International Studies of Asthma and Allergies on Childhood LOD"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0175"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"limit of detection LOQ"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0185"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"limit of quantification MBzP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0195"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"mono-benzyl phthalate MCNP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0205"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"mono(carboxynonyl) phthalate MCPP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0215"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate MECPP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0225"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate MEHP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0235"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate MEHHP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0245"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyl-hexyl) phthalate MEOHP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0255"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate MiBP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0265"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"mono-isobutyl phthalate MnBP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0275"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "$$":[{"#name":"__text__" "_":"mono-"} {"#name":"italic" "_":"n"} {"#name":"__text__" "_":"-butyl phthalate MTBSTFA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0285"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "$$":[{"#name":"italic" "_":"N"} {"#name":"__text__" "_":"-methyl-"} {"#name":"italic" "_":"N"} {"#name":"__text__" "_":"-("} {"#name":"italic" "_":"tert"} {"#name":"__text__" "_":"-butyldimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide molecular weights of parent phthalate NHANES"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0305"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey PCP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0315"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"personal care product PVC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0325"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"polyvinyl chloride RfD"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0335"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"reference dose SIM"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0345"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"selective ion mode TDI"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kw0355"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"tolerable daily intake |
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