The cognitive functions of the caudate nucleus |
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Authors: | Grahn Jessica A Parkinson John A Owen Adrian M |
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Affiliation: | MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, UK. Jessica.grahn@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk |
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Abstract: | The basal ganglia as a whole are broadly responsible for sensorimotor coordination, including response selection and initiation. However, it has become increasingly clear that regions of the basal ganglia are functionally delineated along corticostriatal lines, and that a modular conception of the respective functions of various nuclei is useful. Here we examine the specific role of the caudate nucleus, and in particular, how this differs from that of the putamen. This review considers converging evidence from multiple domains including anatomical studies of corticostriatal circuitry, neuroimaging studies of healthy volunteers, patient studies of performance deficits on a variety of cognitive tests, and animal studies of behavioural control. We conclude that the caudate nucleus contributes to behaviour through the excitation of correct action schemas and the selection of appropriate sub-goals based on an evaluation of action-outcomes; both processes fundamental to successful goal-directed action. This is in contrast to the putamen, which appears to subserve cognitive functions more limited to stimulus-response, or habit, learning. This modular conception of the striatum is consistent with hierarchical models of cortico-striatal function through which adaptive behaviour towards significant goals can be identified (motivation; ventral striatum), planned (cognition; caudate) and implemented (sensorimotor coordination; putamen) effectively. |
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Keywords: | ACA, anterior cingulate area Ach, acetylcholine APV, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid BLA, basolateral amygdala BOLD, blood-oxygenation level dependent caudate (DL), dorsolateral caudate caudate (VM), ventromedial caudate cdm-GPi, caudodorsomedial globus pallidus (internal segment) cl-SNr, caudolateral substantia nigra pars reticulata DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DS, dorsal striatum DTI, diffusion tensor imaging EDS, extra-dimensional shift FEF, frontal eye fields fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging HD, Huntington’s disease l-dopa, levodopa l-VAmc, lateral ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus pars magnocellularis lDS, lateral dorsal striatum m-VAmc, medial ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus pars magnocellularis mdm-GPi, dorsomedial globus pallidus (internal segment) MDmc, magnocellular subnucleus of mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus MDpl, parvocellular subnucleus of mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus mDS, medial dorsal striatum NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid PD, Parkinson’s disease PET, positron emission tomography PFC, prefrontal cortex pm-MD, posteromedial mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus rCBF, regional cerebral blood flow rd-SNr, rostrodorsal substantia nigra pars reticulata rl-GPi, rostrolateral globus pallidus (internal segment) rm-SNr, rostromedial substantia nigra pars reticulata S-R, stimulus-response SMA, supplementary motor area TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation vl-GPi, ventrolateral globus pallidus (internal segment) vl-SNr, ventrolateral substantia nigra pars reticulata Vlm, ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus pars medialis VLo, ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus pars oralis VP, ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus VS, ventral striatum |
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