Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteremia in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

 A prospective analysis of 43 episodes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in HIV-1-infected subjects was performed and the results compared with the incidence and outcome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in other high-risk patients, such as transplant recipients, leukemia patients, or patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit. The incidence of bacteremia/fungemia as a whole and of gram-negative and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in particular was greater in HIV-1-infected subjects than in the unselected general population admitted. In contrast, the incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in HIV-1-infected patients did not differ from that in patients with other high-risk conditions. In patients with HIV-1 infection, independent risk factors for presenting Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia were nosocomial origin (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3–5.7), neutropenia (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.07–6.8), previous treatment with cephalosporins (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1–11.6), and a CD4+ cell count lower than 50 cells/mm³ (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.7–8.6). Primary bacteremia and pneumonia were the most common forms of presentation. Fourteen (33%) patients died as a consequence of the bacteremia. The presence of severe sepsis (OR, 17.5; 95% CI, 3.2–68) and the institution of inappropriate definitive antibiotic therapy (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1–13) were independently associated with a poor outcome. One year after the development of bacteremia, only eight (19%) patients remained alive.