Local Ca(2+) signaling and EC coupling in heart: Ca(2+) sparks and the regulation of the [Ca(2+)](i) transient |
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| Authors: | Guatimosim Silvia Dilly Keith Santana L Fernando Saleet Jafri M Sobie Eric A Lederer W J |
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| Affiliation: | Medical Biotechnology Center and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. |
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| Abstract: | The elementary event of Ca(2+) release in heart is the Ca(2+) spark. It occurs at a low rate during diastole, activated only by the low cytosolic [Ca(2+)](i). Synchronized activation of many sparks is due to the high local [Ca(2+)](i) in the region surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release channels and is responsible for the systolic [Ca(2+)](i) transient. The biophysical basis of this calcium signaling is discussed. Attention is placed on the local organization of the ryanodine receptors (SR Ca(2+) release channels, RyRs) and the other proteins that underlie and modulate excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. A brief review of specific elements that regulate SR Ca(2+) release (including SR lumenal Ca(2+) and coupled gating of RyRs) is presented. Finally integrative calcium signaling in heart is presented in the context of normal heart function and heart failure. |
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| Keywords: | Calcium sparks, Sparks, DHPR, Ca2+ channels, Potassium channels , FK binding proteins , Coupled gating, EC coupling, Excitation-contraction coupling, Arrhythmia, Action potential prolongation, Cardiac ventricular myocytes, Heart failure |
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