FK506 neuroprotection after cavernous nerve injury is mediated by thioredoxin and glutathione redox systems

IntroductionImmunophilin ligands such as FK506 (FK) preserve erectile function (EF) following cavernous nerve injury (CNI), although the precise mechanisms are unclear. We examined whether the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) redox systems mediate this effect after CNI.AimTo investigate the roles of Trx reductase 2 (TrxR2) and S‐Nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) as antioxidative/nitrosative and antiapoptotic mediators of the neuroprotective effect of FK in the penis after CNI.MethodsAdult male rats, wild‐type (WT) mice, and GSNOR deficient (GSNOR ‐/‐) mice were divided into four groups: sham surgery (CN cavernous nerves] exposure only) + vehicle; sham surgery + FK (5 mg/kg/day/rat or 2 mg/kg/day/mouse, for 2 days, subcutaneous); CNI + vehicle; and CNI + FK. At day 4 after injury, electrically stimulated changes in intracavernosal pressure (ICP) were measured. Penises were collected for Western blot analysis of TrxR2, GSNOR, and Bcl‐2, and for immunolocalization of TrxR2 and GSNOR.Main Outcome MeasuresEF assessment represented by maximal ICP and total ICP in response to electrical stimulation. Evaluation of protein expression levels and distribution patterns of antioxidative/nitrosative and antiapoptotic factors in penile tissue.ResultsEF decreased after CNI compared with sham surgery values in both rats (P < 0.01) and WT and GSNOR ‐/‐ mice (P < 0.05). FK treatment preserved EF after CNI compared with vehicle treatment in rats (P < 0.01) and WT mice (P < 0.05) but not in GSNOR ‐/‐ mice. In rats, GSNOR (P < 0.01) and Bcl‐2 (P < 0.05) expressions were significantly decreased after CNI. FK treatment in CN‐injured rats restored expression of GSNOR and upregulated TrxR2 (P < 0.001) and Bcl‐2 (P < 0.001) expressions compared with vehicle treatment. Localizations of proteins in the penis were observed for TrxR2 (endothelium, smooth muscle) and for GSNOR (nerves, endothelium, smooth muscle).ConclusionsThe neuroprotective effect of FK in preserving EF after CNI involves antioxidative/nitrosative and antiapoptotic mechanisms mediated, to some extent, by Trx and GSH systems. Lagoda G, Xie Y, Sezen SF, Hurt KJ, Liu L, Musicki B, and Burnett AL. FK506 neuroprotection after cavernous nerve injury is mediated by thioredoxin and glutathione redox systems. J Sex Med **;**:**–**.