浙江省台州市海岛和山区中老年人群衰弱患病率与相关因素研究

目的 比较浙江省台州市海岛和山区≥45岁中老年社区人群衰弱现况及其相关因素。方法 基于横断面研究，采取分层整群抽样及配额抽样的方法。2022年7-8月在台州市沿海6个行政区和3个内陆行政区中各随机抽取1个行政区（椒江区和仙居县），作为两类地形代表地区。整群抽样纳入椒江区海岛所有≥45岁的常住人口，在仙居县山区按年龄和性别1∶1进行配额抽样，通过问卷调查和实验室检查收集其人口学特征、生活方式及健康状况相关数据，以Fried衰弱表型量表评估衰弱状况。采用分层分析和多元logistic回归分析海岛和山区研究对象衰弱的相关因素。结果 研究对象共1 011人，其中海岛和山区人群分别占48.1%（486/1 011），和51.9%（525/1 011）；男性和女性分别占45.9%（464/1 011）和54.1%（547/1 011）；45~、60~、≥75岁年龄组分别占38.6%（390/1 011）、44.6%（451/1 011）和16.8%（170/1 011）。研究对象的衰弱患病率为3.6%（36/1 011），男性和女性的衰弱率分别为3.7%（17/464）和3.5%（19/547）。45~、60~和≥75岁年龄组衰弱患病率分别为0.3%（1/390）、2.2%（10/451）、14.7%（25/170）。海岛的衰弱和衰弱前期患病率分别为6.0%（29/486）和39.1%（190/486），高于山区的1.3%（7/525）和30.9%（162/525）。调整潜在混杂因素后，海岛研究对象的衰弱患病风险显著高于山区（aOR=1.55，95%CI：1.07~2.25，P=0.019）。海岛研究对象的衰弱症状相关因素包括增龄（60~岁组：aOR=2.52，95%CI：1.56~4.13；≥75岁组：aOR=11.65，95%CI：5.38~26.70）、女性（aOR=1.94，95%CI：1.20~3.17）和抑郁（aOR=1.09，95%CI：1.02~1.17）。山区研究对象的衰老症状相关因素为增龄，但OR值低于海岛（60~岁组：aOR=1.74，95%CI：1.04~2.94；≥75岁组：aOR=4.78，95%CI：2.45~9.50）。山区研究对象的多重用药（aOR=2.08，95%CI：1.14~3.80）和抑郁（aOR=1.10，95%CI：1.02~1.18）与衰弱症状呈显著正相关；山区研究对象的文化程度与衰弱症状者显著负相关（初中：aOR=0.40，95%CI：0.21~0.75；高中/中专：aOR=0.29，95%CI：0.15~0.53；大专及以上：aOR=0.22，95%CI：0.11~0.42）。结论 台州市海岛中老年人群衰弱患病率显著高于山区，海岛和山区的衰弱相关因素存在差异。海岛≥75岁高龄老年人和女性的衰弱患病风险较高，增龄和抑郁是衰弱的独立危险因素。需关注海岛的健康危险因素及环境特殊性，采取综合干预措施，延缓衰弱进程，提高中老年人群生命质量。

Prevalence of frailty and related factors in middle-aged and elderly people in island and mountainous areas of Taizhou， Zhejiang Province

Objective To compare the prevalence of frailty and related factors in middle-aged and elderly people aged ≥45 years in island and mountainous areas of Taizhou, Zhejiang Province. Methods Based on cross-sectional design, stratified cluster sampling and quota sampling methods were adopted. One administrative district was randomly selected from each of six coastal and three inland administrative districts in Taizhou during July to August, representing two different geographical terrains. In the island area (Jiaojiang District), all residents aged ≥45 years were included by cluster sampling. In the mountainous area (Xianju County), participants were selected through quota sampling, with same gender and age distributions. Data about their demographic characteristics, lifestyle and health-related factors were collected through questionnaire surveys and laboratory examinations. The prevalence of frailty was assessed using the Fried frailty phenotype scale. Hierarchical analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to compare the influencing factors of frailty. Results A total of 1 011 local residents were studied, in whom island and mountainous residents accounted for 48.1% (486/1 011) and 51.9% (525/1 011) respectively; men and women accounted for 45.9% (464/1 011) and 54.1% (547/1 011) respectively. Middle-aged (45-49 years), younger elderly (60-74 years), and older elderly (≥75 years) residents accounted for 38.6% (390/1 011), 44.6% (451/1 011), and 16.8% (170/1 011) respectively. The overall prevalence rate of frailty was 3.6% (36/1 011), the prevalence rate was 3.7% (17/464) in men and 3.5% (19/547) in women. The prevalence rates in age groups 45-59,60-74 years and ≥75 years were 0.3% (1/390), 2.2% (10/451), and 14.7% (25/170), respectively. The prevalence rates of frailty and pre-frailty in island area were 6.0% (29/486) and 39.1% (190/486), respectively, which was higher than those in mountainous area (1.3%, 7/525) and (30.9%, 162/525). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the risk for frailty in island residents was significantly higher than that in mountainous residents (aOR=1.55,95%CI: 1.07-2.25,P=0.019). In island area, older age (60-74 years:aOR=2.52,95%CI: 1.56-4.13; ≥75 years:aOR=11.65,95%CI:5.38-26.70), being women (aOR=1.94,95%CI: 1.20-3.17), suffering from depression (aOR=1.09,95%CI:1.02-1.17) were associated with frailty symptoms. In mountainous area, older age was also associated with an increased risk of frailty symptoms, but the OR value was lower than those in island area (60-74 years: aOR=1.74,95%CI:1.04-2.94;≥75 years: aOR=4.78,95%CI:2.45-9.50). Polydrug use (aOR=2.08,95%CI: 1.14-3.80) and suffering from depression (aOR=1.10,95%CI: 1.02-1.18) had significant positive association with frailty symptoms. Higher education level had significant negative association with frailty symptoms (junior high school: aOR=0.40,95%CI: 0.21-0.75; senior high school and technical secondary school: aOR=0.29,95%CI: 0.15-0.53; college or above:aOR=0.22,95%CI: 0.11-0.42). Conclusions The prevalence of frailty in middle-aged and elderly community residents was significantly higher in island area than in mountainous area in Taizhou. The frailty-related factors varied with area. The elderly people (≥75 years) and women in island area had higher risk for frailty. Older age and suffering from depression were the independent risk factors for frailty. It is necessary to pay attention to the health risk factors and special environment in island area, and take comprehensive intervention measures to delay the process of debilitation and improve the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly people.