Ability of pulse contour and esophageal Doppler to estimate rapid changes in stroke volume

OBJECTIVE: Two technologies to acquire beat-to-beat stroke volume values exist, pulse contour analysis and esophageal Doppler monitoring. Pulse contour analysis assumes fixed aortic impedance. Esophageal Doppler assumes a constant proportional descending aortic flow and diameter. These assumptions may not be correct as arterial tone or myocardial contractility vary. We tested these relationships in the setting of rapidly changing stroke volumes and different cardiovascular states over a period of 10-15 cardiac cycles. DESIGN AND SETTING: In a university research facility we compared beat-to-beat changes in stroke volume as measure by aortic root flow probe or conductance catheter to pulse contour analysis and stroke distance as measured by esophageal Doppler. SUBJECTS: Five purpose-bred research hounds. INTERVENTIONS: To obtain a wide range of rapidly changing stroke volumes measurements were made during transient inferior vena cava occlusion. Data were gathered under baseline conditions and during norepinephrine, nitroprusside, and dobutamine infusions. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The pulse contour stroke volumes and esophageal Doppler stroke distance paralleled flow probe stroke volumes under all conditions (R(2)=0.89 for all measures). However, the absolute changes and proportional changes and the absolute values for both surrogate measures differed from absolute stroke volumes. Bland-Altman analysis showed no consistent bias or degree of precision across all animals under any given cardiovascular state. CONCLUSIONS: Both pulse contour stroke volumes and esophageal Doppler derived stroke distance estimates yield significant correlations with aortic root flow probe. However, the absolute values, absolute changes, or proportional changes may not reflect actual stroke volumes as cardiovascular state varies, making their use in estimating absolute changes in stroke volume potentially inaccurate.