中老年职工工作能力与职业因素的关系研究

为探讨常见职业因素在中老年职工工作能力减退中所起的作用。以工作能力指数（ＷＡＩ）为工具，采用成组病例对照研究方法对１８０名工作能力减退的职工（研究组），及８５７名工作能力正常的职工（对照组），进行研究因素危险度的评价。结果显示，工作场所中的一些常见有害因素在研究组的工作环境中更为普遍，经常暴露于粉尘、有害化学物质、噪声、振动、高温、潮湿等环境中的中老年职工发生工作能力减退的危险性增加；在易发生工伤事故的工作环境中工作也是一种有显著意义的因素（ＯＲ＝１７８）。同时较重的体力负荷与中老年职工工作能力减退间有密切联系，反映体力负荷的各项因素都显示出危险度增加，如自觉体力负荷重（ＯＲ＝２５２）、操作重复性（ＯＲ＝１３６）、强迫性劳动姿势（ＯＲ＝１４８）、搬运重物（ＯＲ＝１５９）。相比之下，未发现脑力负荷重会增加工作能力减退的危险。该研究提供的各因素危险度有助于从病因学观点上认识中老年职工健康的有害因素，对进一步采取干预措施改善和增进工作能力具有参考意义

Study on the Relationship Between Occupational Factors and Work Ability of Middle Aged Workers

Based on the assessment of work ability index (WAI) of middle aged workers, associations between occupational factors and work ability decline of middle aged workers were examined in a case control study. 1037 workers (age ranged from 40 to 60) were included in the study. The study group comprised 180 workers of mean age 47.71 years representing those who's work ability decreased. The control group comprised 857 workers of mean age 47.22 years representing those who's work ability was on a normal level. Results showed that some common occupation hazards such as dusts, noise, vibration, humidity, and high temperature were more frequently occurred in work environment of the study group than that of the control group. High risks were found in workers with these hazards. Another significant risk factor of work ability decline was heavy physical load. Significantly elevated risks were observed for physical load perception(OR=2.52), repetitive work (OR= 1.36), poor work postures(OR=1.48), and carrying heavy loads(OR=1.59). As compared to physical loads, mental loads were not in relation to work ability decline. The information about occupational factors affecting work ability will be helpful for redesiging the work for the middle aged workers.