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Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica 4,[5],12:i:- Sequence Type 34 between Europe and the United States |
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| Authors: | Ehud Elnekave Samuel L. Hong Seunghyun Lim Dave Boxrud Albert Rovira Alison E. Mather Andres Perez Julio Alvarez |
| Affiliation: | Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E. Elnekave);University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA (E. Elnekave, S. Lim, A. Rovira, A. Perez, J. Alvarez);University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (S.L. Hong);Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (D. Boxrud);Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK (A.E. Mather);University of East Anglia, Norwich (A.E. Mather);Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (J. Alvarez) |
| Abstract: | Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica 4,[5],12:i:- sequence type 34 represents a worldwide public health risk. To determine its origin in the United States, we reconstructed a time-scaled phylogeny with a discrete trait geospatial model. The clone in the United States was introduced from Europe on multiple occasions in the early 2000s. |
| Keywords: | Evolution Salmonella monophasic Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype 4 [5] 12:i:- multidrug-resistance antimicrobial resistance foodborne zoonotic zoonoses enteric infections bacteria Europe United States |