Antihypertensive activities of the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) in high salt-loaded rats |
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Authors: | Orelien Sylvain Mtopi Bopda Frida Longo Thierry Ndzana Bella Protais Marcellin Ohandja Edzah Germain Sotoing Taïwe Danielle Claude Bilanda Esther Ngo Lemba Tom Pierre Kamtchouing Theophile Dimo |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon;2. Department of Biological Sciences, ENS, University of Yaounde, P.O. Box 3805 Yaoundé, Cameroon;3. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 836, LabEx Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics, Grenoble Institut de Neurosciences, Université Joseph Fourier, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, Site santé de la Tronche, P.O. Box 170, 38042 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France;4. Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon |
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Abstract: | Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) are used in Cameroon folk medicine to manage many diseases such as cardiovascular dysfunctions. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the activities of aqueous leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata on the blood pressure of normotensive rat (NTR) and salt hypertensive rats (SHR), as well as its antioxidant properties.Materials and methodsHypertension was induced in rats by oral administration of 18% NaCl for 4 weeks. For the preventive study, three groups of rats received 18% NaCl solution and the plant extract at 25 mg/kg/day, 50 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day by gavage. Two positive control groups received 18% NaCl solution and either spironolactone (0.71 mg/kg/day) or eupressyl (0.86 mg/kg/day) by gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of this experimental period, systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured by the invasive method. Some oxidative stress biomarkers (reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric monoxide (NO) were evaluated in heart, aorta, liver and kidney. NO level was indirectly evaluated by measuring nitrite concentration.ResultsKalanchoe pinnata extract prevented significantly the increase of systolic and diastolic arterial pressures in high salt-loaded rats (SHR). In SHR, concomitant administration of Kalanchoe pinnata at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day significantly prevented the increase in blood pressure by 32%, 24% and 47% (for SAP); 35%, 33% and 56% (for DAP), respectively. No significant change was recorded in heart rate of those rats. The plant extract improved antioxidant status in various organs, but more potently in aorta. Thus, antioxidant and modulatory effects of Kalanchoe pinnata at the vasculature might be of preponderant contribution to its overall antihypertensive activity.ConclusionThe work demonstrated that the concomitant administration of high-salt and the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata elicits prevention of salt-induced hypertension in rat. This antihypertensive activity is associated with an improvement of antioxidant status. Overall, results justify and support the use of Kalanchoe pinnata as antihypertensive medicine. |
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Keywords: | ALT alanine aminotransferase AST aspartate aminotransferase DAP diastolic arterial pressure GSH reduced glutathione HR heart rate NO nitric monoxide NO2&minus nitrite NTR normotensive rats SAP systolic arterial pressure SHR salt hypertensive rats SOD superoxide dismutase |
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