Fulminant hepatitis caused by hepatitis C virus during treatment for multiple sclerosis

A 55-year-old woman was treated at our hospital for multiple sclerosis. Therapy consisted of glucocorticosteroids and cyclosporin. In the 7th week after these drugs were discontinued the patient developed acute liver failure due to fulminant hepatitis (FH) and died. Post-mortem examination showed massive liver necrosis. Serologic examination was negative for hepatitis B virus-related markers. Anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) antibody and serum HCV RNA were negative on admission, but HCV RNA appeared concurrently with the onset of FH. Although HCV infection rarely causes FH, it was considered to be the cause of FH in this patient, since there were no other causes of acute liver injury. We suspect that underlying immunologic abnormalities in conjunction with HCV infection may have precipitated the FH.