实时三维经食管超声心动图对二尖瓣成形术的指导意义

目的探讨实时三维经食管超声心动图（TEE）在二尖瓣脱垂患者外科手术治疗中对二尖瓣结构精细化诊断、成形环选择的意义及术后即刻疗效评估的价值。 方法选择2016年11月至2017年3月浙江大学附属第一医院经胸超声心动图诊断为二尖瓣脱垂,并进行外科手术治疗的19例患者。19例患者均在麻醉后体外循环之前行实时三维TEE检查。并在手术完成心脏复跳后即刻再次进行检查，实时显示并记录存储图像。整个检查过程中与外科医师、麻醉医师同时观察图像，直接交流并与术中所见相对照，以术中所见为标准。应用实时三维超声重建对19例中度以上二尖瓣脱垂患者进行检查测量，观察二尖瓣瓣膜与腱索，测量二尖瓣的瓣环、瓣膜长度及纤维三角的直径。 结果术中TEE检查可从任意角度清晰显示二尖瓣瓣膜、瓣环、腱索、乳头肌的解剖结构、运动情况。实时观察二尖瓣厚度、活动度、有无钙化及赘生物，腱索有无断裂，并能补充诊断有无血栓及卵圆孔未闭。本组19例患者TEE判断二尖瓣脱垂区域与术中基本一致，以后叶P2区最多见。检出病因：二尖瓣腱索断裂导致脱垂共15例，其中12例探查到2处腱索断裂，与术中一致，准确率100%。本组19例患者TEE测量后提供的成形环尺寸14例一致，准确率73.7%（4/9），4例术中选择测瓣器size比TEE测值小一号，1例术中选择测瓣器size比TEE测值大一号。 结论应用实时三维超声重建可客观地反映二尖瓣脱垂的病因及病变情况，提供直观的立体图像，对制定手术方案具有重要参考价值。并能为选择成形环的大小提供依据，节约了手术时间，具有实际的临床指导意义。术后即刻评价自体成形瓣膜的功能，并实时了解室壁运动及左心室收缩功能，也可以监测左心气体，有助于麻醉医师术中监护，同时提高了手术的成功率。

Significance of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in mitral valvuloplasty

ObjectiveTo evaluate the value of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the diagnosis of mitral valve structure in mitral valve prolapse, the significance of determining the prosthetic mitral valve ring size in the surgical treatment and the evaluation of immediate postoperative effect. MethodsFrom November 2016 to March 2017, 19 patients with mitral prolapse performed with surgical treatment were diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography at the echocardiography and vascular ultrasound center in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. All 19 patients underwent real-time three-dimensional TEE examination after anesthesia and before cardiopulmonary bypass. When the heart was recovered immediately after the operation, TEE was performed again to check the valve and the images were recorded in real time. During the whole examination, the images were observed by sonologists, surgeons and anesthesiologists, and the sonographic results were compared with the intraoperative findings. Totally 19 patients with moderate to severe mitral valve prolapse were examined and measured with real time three-dimensional ultrasound reconstruction. The mitral valve and tendons were observed and the mitral valve ring, the length of the valve and the diameter of the fiber triangle were measured. ResultsIntraoperative TEE examination could clearly display the anatomical structure and movement of mitral valve, annulus, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles from any angle. Real time observation of mitral valve thickness, mobility, calcification, vegetations and chordae tendineae rupture was effective. It was able to diagnose the thrombosis and patent foramen ovale. In the 19 patients, the TEE diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse was almost consistent with operative findings, and P2 was the most common area. The etiology was detected in 15 cases caused by rupture of mitral chordae tendineae, which was consistent with operative findings, and the accuracy rate was 100%. The size of the prosthetic ring provided by TEE in 14 cases was consistent with operative findings among 19 patients. The accuracy rate was 73.7% (4/9). Four cases were selected 1 size down than TEE, and 1 case was selected 1 size up than TEE. ConclusionsThe application of real-time three-dimensional ultrasound reconstruction can objectively reflect the pathogeny and pathological changes of prolapse, and provide a visual stereoscopic image, which is of great reference value for the formulation of the operation scheme. It also provides a basis for selecting the size of the forming ring and saves the operative time. It has practical clinical guiding significance. The function of the autologous valve is evaluated immediately after the operation, and the ventricular wall movement and left ventricular systolic function are detected in real time, and the left heart gas could be monitored. It is helpful to the intraoperative monitoring of the anesthesiologist and increase the success rate of the operation.