超声心动图对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者早期右心功能异常的评估

目的采用超声心动图评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者早期右心功能异常。 方法选取2016年4月至2017年4月于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院就诊的稳定期COPD患者44例（COPD组）。其中16例合并肺动脉高压（PH，合并PH的COPD组），28例未合并PH（未合并PH的COPD组）。选择同期该院体检的健康志愿者12名作为健康对照组。所有受检者均行经胸超声心动图常规检查，并参照2010年美国超声心动图学会（ASE）颁布的超声心动图评估成人右心功能的指南（ASE指南）完成所有受试者右心功能指标的测量、计算及录入。采用独立样本t检验比较COPD组患者与健康对照组受检者超声心动图常规参数、ASE指南推荐参数；采用单因素方差分析比较合并与未合并PH的COPD组患者及健康对照组受检者超声心动图常规参数、ASE指南推荐参数，进一步组间两两比较采用SNK-q检验。 结果COPD组患者右心室前后径（RVD）较健康对照组受检者增宽[（20.68±4.21）mm vs（18.17±1.75）mm]，且差异有统计学差异（t=2.92，P=0.005）；而COPD组患者与健康对照组受检者右心室流出道内径（RVOT）、肺动脉主干内径（MPAD）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）差异均无统计学意义。与健康对照组受检者比较，COPD组患者右心室基底段内径增宽[（35.92±8.12）mm vs（27.75±3.17）mm]，三尖瓣收缩期位移（TAPSE）减少[（19.61±4.08）mm vs （22.67±2.67）mm]，右心室心肌工作指数（RIMP）增加[（0.52±0.10）cm/s vs（0.43±0.04）cm/s]，且差异均有统计学意义（t=3.39，P=0.001；t=-2.44，P=0.019；t=4.31，P<0.001）；而COPD组患者与健康对照组受检者右心房面积、E/A、E/E′、S′差异均无统计学意义。合并与未合并PH的COPD组患者及健康对照组受检者RVOT、RVD、MPAD、LVEDD、LVESD、LVEF差异均无统计学意义，且右心房面积、E/A、E/E′、TAPSE、S′差异也均无统计学意义。合并与未合并PH的COPD组患者右心室基底段内径、RIMP均高于健康对照组受检者[（37.99±9.66）mm、（34.47±6.70）mm vs （27.75±3.17）mm；（0.54±0.13）cm/s、（0.51±0.08）cm/s vs （0.43±0.04）cm/s]，且差异均有统计学意义（q=6.960、4.905、5.796、4.348，P均<0.05）；而合并与未合并PH的COPD组患者右心室基底段内径、RIMP差异均无统计学意义。合并PH的COPD组患者RVWT高于未合并PH的COPD组患者[（5.29±0.69）mm vs （4.54±0.70）mm]，且差异有统计学意义（t=3.313，P=0.002）。 结论本研究采用的ASE指南所推荐的方法对于右心结构变化的评估较常规测量方法敏感。COPD患者右心受累首先表现为右心室结构的变化，之后才是右心室收缩功能的减退。PH的长期作用使早期右心室趋于发生室壁增厚，而后右心室进行性增大。

Evaluation of early right ventricular dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by echocardiography

ObjectiveTo investigate the value of echocardiography in assessing the right heart function of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MethodsForty-four COPD patients who were treated in Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, from April 2016 to April 2017, were selected as COPD group; and 12 healthy physical examiners were included in healthy control group during the same period. Patients were divided into COPD with pulmonary hypertension (PH) group and COPD without PH group. All subjects were routinely examined by transthoracic echocardiography. The parameters of right heart function of all subjects were measured by echocardiography according to 2010 guideline of American Society of Echocardiography (ASE). Independent sample t test was used to compare echocardiographic routine parameters and recommended parameters of ASE guideline between COPD group and healthy control group. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the routine parameters of echocardiography and the recommended parameters of the ASE guide in the patients of COPD with PH group and COPD without PH group and the healthy control group. SNK-q test was used for comparison between groups. ResultsThe right ventricle diameter (RVD) in group COPD was wider than that in healthy control group [(20.68±4.21) mm vs (18.17±1.75) mm], and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.92, P=0.005). There was no significant difference in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), main pulmonary artery diameter (MPAD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between the COPD group and the healthy control group. Compared with the healthy control group, the diameter of right ventricle basal segment in the COPD group increased [(35.92±8.12) mm vs (27.75±3.17) mm], tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) decreased [(19.61±4.08) mm vs (22.67±2.67) mm], right ventricular index of myocardial performance (RIMP) increased [(0.52±0.10) cm/s vs (0.43±0.04) cm/s)], and the differences were statistically significant (t=3.39, P=0.001; t=-2.44, P=0.019; t=4.31, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in right atrium area, E/A, E/E' and S' between COPD group and healthy control group. There was no significant difference in RVOT, RVD, MPAD, LVEDD, LVESD and LVEF in the patients of COPD with PH group and COPD without PH group and in the healthy control group. There was no significant difference in the right atrium area, E/A, E/E', TAPSE and S'. The right ventricular basal segment diameter and RIMP of COPD with PH group and COPD without PH group were higher than those of healthy control group [(37.99±9.66) mm, (34.47±6.70) mm vs (27.75±3.17) mm; (0.54±0.13) cm/s, (0.51±0.08) cm/s vs (0.43±0.04) cm/s]. The differences were statistically significant (q=6.960, 4.905, 5.796, 4.348, all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in right ventricular basal segment diameter and RIMP between COPD with PH group and COPD without PH group. The RVWT of COPD with PH group was higher than that of COPD without PH group [(5.29±0.69) mm vs (4.54±0.70) mm], and the difference was statistically significant (t=3.313, P=0.002). ConclusionsThe method recommended in the ASE guidelines for this study was more sensitive than conventional methods for the detection of changes in the structure of the right heart. The change of the right ventricular structure was the first manifestation of right heart involvement in COPD patients, and then the systolic function of the right ventricle diminished. The long-term effect of pulmonary hypertension was thickening of the right ventricular wall at the early stage and then enlargement of the right ventricle.