Secrets from friends and parents: Longitudinal links with depression and antisocial behavior |
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| Authors: | Robert D. Laird Brittanee J. Bridges Monica A. Marsee |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Justice & Social Inquiry, School of Social Transformation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;2. Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA;3. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, USA;1. The Prevention Research Center and Methodology Center, Pennsylvania State University, USA;2. Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, USA;1. Sam Houston State University, USA;2. The University of Texas at Dallas, USA;3. Florida State University, USA;4. King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;1. Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, University “G. D''Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Italy;2. Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D''Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Italy;3. BIND – Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University “G. D''Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Italy;1. Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China;2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;3. Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China;1. Center for Studies of Psychological Application & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China;2. Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da-an District, Taipei City 10610, Taiwan, ROC;3. Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Keeping secrets from parents is associated with depression and antisocial behavior. The current study tested whether keeping secrets from best friends is similarly linked to maladjustment, and whether associations between secrecy and maladjustment are moderated by the quality of the friendship. Adolescents (N = 181; 51% female, 48% white, non-Hispanic, 45% African American) reported their secrecy from parents and best friends, the quality of their parent–adolescent relationships and best friendships, and their depression and antisocial behavior at ages 12 and 13. Keeping more secrets from best friends was associated with more depression, but not with more antisocial behavior, when controlling for earlier adjustment, secrecy from parents, and the quality of the friendship. For girls associations between maladjustment and secrecy were conditioned by the quality of the relationships and whether secrets were kept from parents and friends. Discussion argues for expanding the study of secrecy in adolescence beyond the parent–child dyad. |
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| Keywords: | Secrecy Friendship Parenting Depression Antisocial behavior |
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