The relationship between cocaine self-administration and actigraphy-based measures of sleep in adult rhesus monkeys |
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Authors: | Robert E Brutcher Michael A Nader |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., 546 NRC, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1083, USA
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Abstract: | Rationale Clinical trials show that chronic cocaine users suffer from sleep disturbances and preclinical research has shown that acute sleep deprivation increases the rate of cocaine self-administration in rats. Objective This study examined the effect of cocaine self-administration on behavioral indices of sleep and alternatively the effect of sleep disruption on cocaine-maintained responding by rhesus monkeys. Methods Seven adult rhesus monkeys, fitted with Actical® activity monitors, were trained to respond under a concurrent choice paradigm with food (three 1.0-g pellets) and cocaine (0.003–0.3 mg/kg) or saline presentation. For each monkey, the lowest preferred dose of cocaine (>80 % cocaine choice) was determined. Activity data were analyzed during lights out (2000-0600) to determine sleep efficiency, sleep latency, and total activity counts. Subsequently, the monkeys’ sleep was disrupted (every hour during lights-out period) the night prior to food–cocaine choice sessions. Results Self-administration of the preferred dose of cocaine resulted in a significant decrease in sleep efficiency, with a significant increase in total lights-out activity. Sleep disruption significantly altered behavioral indices of sleep, similar to those seen following cocaine self-administration. However, sleep disruption did not affect cocaine self-administration under concurrent choice conditions. Conclusions Based on these findings, cocaine self-administration does appear to disrupt behavioral indices of sleep, although it remains to be determined if treatments that improve sleep measures can affect future cocaine taking. |
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