IL‐23 in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Interleukin‐23 (IL‐23) is a heterodimeric cytokine belonging to the IL‐6/IL‐12 family that plays a key role in several of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. This family contains the 34 type I cytokine receptor chains and 27 ligands, which share structural and functional similarities, but on the other hand they display distinct roles in shaping Th cells responses. IL‐12 family cytokines have not only proinflammatory effects but they also promote inflammatory responses. IL‐23 is composed of the p40 subunit in common with IL‐12, and with a unique p19 subunit. IL‐23 binding to an IL‐23 receptor expressed on dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytes triggers the activation of Jak2 and Tyk2, which in turn phosphorylates STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 as well as induce formation of STAT3‐STAT4 heterodimers. IL‐23 is one of the essential factors required for the survival and/or expansion of Th17 cells, which produce IL‐17, IL‐17F, IL‐6 and TNF‐α. Th17 cells stimulated by the IL‐23 promote osteoclastogenesis through production of IL‐17, which induce receptor activator of NF‐kappa B ligand on mesenchymal cells. The IL‐23‐IL‐17 axis includes Th17 cells and plays a key role in the development of autoimmune arthritis.