Increased Social Interactions Reduce the Association Between Constricted Life-Space and Lower Daily Happiness in Older Adults With and Without HIV: A GPS and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study |
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| Authors: | Lily Kamalyan Jiue-An Yang Caitlin N Pope Emily W Paolillo Laura M Campbell Bin Tang María J Marquine Colin A Depp Raeanne C Moore |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychiatry (LK, EWP, LMC, BT, MJM, CAD, RCM), University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA;2. San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (LK, EWP, LMC), San Diego, CA;3. Qualcomm Institute/Calit2, University of California, San Diego (JAY), San Diego, CA;4. Graduate Center for Gerontology (CNP), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY;5. Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA;6. VA San Diego Healthcare System (CAD), San Diego, CA |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveOlder persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) are particularly susceptible to life-space restrictions. The aims of this study included: 1) using global positioning system (GPS) derived indicators as an assessment of time spent at home among older adults with and without HIV; 2) using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine real-time relationships between life-space, mood (happiness, sadness, anxious), fatigue, and pain; and 3) determining if number of daily social interactions moderated the effect of life-space on mood.MethodsEighty-eight older adults (PWH n = 54, HIV-negative n = 34) completed smartphone-based EMA surveys assessing mood, fatigue, pain, and social interactions four times per day for two weeks. Participants’ smartphones were GPS enabled throughout the study. Mixed-effects regression models analyzed concurrent and lagged associations among life-space and behavioral indicators of health.ResultsPWH spent more of their time at home (79% versus 70%, z = ?2.08; p = 0.04) and reported lower mean happiness (3.2 versus 3.7; z = 2.63; p = 0.007) compared to HIV-negative participants. Controlling for covariates, more daily social interactions were associated with higher ratings of real-time happiness (b = 0.12; t = 5.61; df = 1087.9; p< 0.001). Similar findings were seen in lagged analyses: prior day social interactions (b = 0.15; t = 7.3; df = 1024.9; p < 0.0001) and HIV status (b = ?0.48; t = ?2.56; df = 1026.8; p = 0.01) attenuated the effect of prior day time spent at home on happiness.ConclusionAccounting for engagement in social interactions reduced the significant effect of time spent at home and lower happiness. Interventions targeting social isolation within the context of constricted life-space may be beneficial for increasing positive mood in older adults, and especially relevant to older PWH. |
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