| Abstract: | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a worldwide disease with prevalence figures ranging from nine to 130 per 100,000 individuals. SLE appears to be more prevalent in certain ethnic groups, such as the African–Americans, African–Caribbeans and Asians. The prevalence of SLE in Hong Kong Chinese was estimated to be 59 out of 100,000 (104/100,000 among women), which is mid-way between that of the Caucasians and African–Americans. Certain organ manifestations, such as lupus nephritis, are more common in Chinese than Caucasians. A recent prospective study reported that the cumulative incidence of renal disease within 5 years of diagnosis of SLE in Chinese patients was 60%. Despite the improvement in survival of SLE in the past few decades, manifestations that are refractory to conventional therapies and treatment related complications are still major challenges in the management of SLE. Novel-therapeutic modalities for SLE should aim at targeting more specifically the immunopathogenetic pathways to achieve higher efficacy and reduce short- and long-term therapy-related toxicities. This review summarizes the management strategies and novel therapeutic modalities in SLE. |
