Development of an acute model of inhalational melioidosis in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Studies of inhalational melioidosis were undertaken in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Following exposure to an inhaled challenge with aerosolized Burkholderia pseudomallei, lethal infection was observed in marmosets challenged with doses below 10 cfu; a precise LD(50) determination was not possible. The model was further characterized using a target challenge dose of approximately 10(2) cfu. A separate pathogenesis time-course experiment was also conducted. All animals succumbed, between 27 and 78 h postchallenge. The challenge dose received and the time to the humane endpoint (1 °C below normal body temperature postfever) were correlated. The first indicator of disease was an increased core body temperature (T(c) ), at 22 h postchallenge. This coincided with bacteraemia and bacterial dissemination. Overt clinical signs were first observed 3-5 h later. A sharp decrease (typically within 3-6 h) in the T(c) was observed prior to humanely culling the animals in the lethality study. Pathology was noted in the lung, liver and spleen. Disease progression in the common marmoset appears to be consistent with human infection in terms of bacterial spread, pathology and physiology. The common marmoset can therefore be considered a suitable animal model for further studies of inhalational melioidosis.