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Effects of training of shadowing and reading aloud of second language on working memory and neural systems |
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| Authors: | Takeuchi Hikaru Maruyama Tsukasa Taki Yasuyuki Motoki Kosuke Jeong Hyeonjeong Kotozaki Yuka Shinada Takamitsu Nakagawa Seishu Nouchi Rui Iizuka Kunio Yokoyama Ryoichi Yamamoto Yuki Hanawa Sugiko Araki Tsuyoshi Sakaki Kohei Sasaki Yukako Magistro Daniele Kawashima Ryuta |
| Affiliation: | 1.Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4 − 1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980−8575, Japan ;2.Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ;3.Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ;4.Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ;5.Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ;6.Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan ;7.Division of Clinical research, Medical-Industry Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan ;8.Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan ;9.Human and Social Response Research Division, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ;10.Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ;11.Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan ;12.School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan ;13.Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ; |
| Abstract: | Shadowing and reading aloud both involve multiple complex cognitive processes, and both are considered effective methods for second-language learning. The working memory system, particularly the phonological loop, has been suggested to be involved in shadowing and reading aloud. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 4-week intensive adaptive training including shadowing and reading aloud of second language on working-memory capacity, regional gray matter volume (rGMV), and functional activation related to the n-back working-memory task in young adults. The results showed that compared with the training groups without speaking (listening to compressed speech and active control involving the second language), the training groups with speaking (shadowing and reading aloud) showed a tendency for greater test-retest increases in digit-span scores, and significantly greater test-retest decreases in N-back task reaction time (increase in working memory performance). Imaging analyses revealed compared with the active control group, shadowing group exhibited decreases in rGMV and brain activity during the working memory task (2-back task), in the left cerebellum and reading group exhibited decreases in them in the right anterior insula. These regions are parts of the phonological loop, suggesting the presence of training-induced neural plasticity in these neurocognitive mechanisms. |
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