Short-term effects of ambient particles on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality |
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Authors: | Analitis Antonis Katsouyanni Klea Dimakopoulou Konstantina Samoli Evangelia Nikoloulopoulos Aristidis K Petasakis Yannis Touloumi Giota Schwartz Joel Anderson Hugh Ross Cambra Koldo Forastiere Francesco Zmirou Denis Vonk Judith M Clancy Luke Kriz Bohumir Bobvos Janos Pekkanen Juha |
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Affiliation: | Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece. |
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Abstract: | BACKGROUND: Particulate air pollution is associated with increased mortality. There is a need for European results from multicountry databases concerning cause-specific mortality to obtain more accurate effect estimates. METHODS: We report the estimated effects of ambient particle concentrations (black smoke and particulate matter less than 10 mum [PM10]) on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, from 29 European cities, within the Air Pollution and Health: a European Approach (APHEA2) project. We applied a 2-stage hierarchical modeling approach assessing city-specific effects first and then overall effects. City characteristics were considered as potential effect modifiers. RESULTS: An increase in PM10 by 10 microg/m (lag 0 + 1) was associated with increases of 0.76% (95% confidence interval = 0.47 to 1.05%) in cardiovascular deaths and 0.58% (0.21 to 0.95%) in respiratory deaths. The same increase in black smoke was associated with increases of 0.62% (0.35 to 0.90%) and 0.84% (0.11 to 1.57%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These effect estimates are appropriate for health impact assessment and standard-setting procedures. |
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